Soc 153 Exam 1

Front 1

-different way of looking at life
-why are people the way that they are?

Back 1

sociological perspective

Front 2

Founder of Sociology

Back 2

Auguste Comte

Front 3

Positivism (Auguste Comte)

Back 3

advocate you can apply the scientific method in order to better understand human behavior

Front 4

Karl Marx

Back 4

-Class conflict
-Dichotomized two groups: people with power and people without power

Front 5

Emile Durkheim

Back 5

1st systematic study of human behavior
-Focused on suicide: varies by country, marital status, religion, gender

Front 6

Suffer anomie (Emile Durkheim)

Back 6

disconnection from world, attitude they don't matter, more likely to commit suicide

Front 7

W.E.B Dubois

Back 7

black and studied race relations, endorsed social action, applied sociologist

Front 8

Basic (Use of sociology)

Back 8

create knowledge, apply scientific method

Front 9

Applied (Use of sociology)

Back 9

try to alleviate/eliminate a social problem
-do somethin got make the world a better place

Front 10

Macro-sociology

Back 10

looks at broader level of the individual

Front 11

-orientation for the level of the individual, better understand human behavior on how people create and interpret symbols

Back 11

Symbolic interactionism (always micro)

Front 12

looks at society in a set of interrelated parts and how they fit together

Back 12

Functionalism

Front 13

Karl Marxism (class conflict) change in power dynamic is why marriages aren't working well

Back 13

Conflict

Front 14

Research Process

Back 14

1. Defining problem
2. Review literature (scientific journal article/academic book)
3. Form hypothesis
4. Choose a reserach method
5. Collect data/carry out research
6. Analyze results
7. Share results

Front 15

Quantitative research methods

Back 15

-Surveys
-Secondary analyses
-Documents
-Experiments

Front 16

Qualitative

Back 16

-Participant observation
-Ethnography

Front 17

Limitatons of qualitative?

Back 17

-Difficult to penetrate and can end up conforming into group

Front 18

Collecting data: operationalization definition

Back 18

How someone measured a variable
-Ex: measuring activity level or body mass

Front 19

Statistical significants

Back 19

look at correlation of variables
-p<.05, p<.01, p<.001
-Correlation between X and Y CANNOT be spurious

Front 20

Where do you share results of experiment?

Back 20

-Professional conferences
-Academic journal article

Front 21

Methodoligical issues

Back 21

-Sample: random vs. non random
-Neutral: wording of questions can impact responses
-Open vs. Closed questions

Front 22

Open questions

Back 22

had to group responses but get depth of information

Front 23

Closed questions

Back 23

restrict number of responses, allow statistical analyses, miss out on depth

Front 24

Sum total of ways of life of human beings

Back 24

culture

Front 25

what is desirable, proper, good, and bad

Back 25

values

Front 26

rules of conduct or behavior, might prescribe a certain way of acting or forbits it

Back 26

Norms

Front 27

food, clothes, art, tools, technology
-the physical objects that society creates

Back 27

Material Goods

Front 28

language/symbols
-symbols: hand gestures differ across cultures

Back 28

Nonmaterial goods

Front 29

set of symbols

Back 29

Language: use is universal and is the basic of all cultures

Front 30

Language is not just a reflection of your culutre, but it can also shape the way you view and perceive the world

Back 30

Linguistic relativity hypothesis (Sapir-Whorf hypothesis)

Front 31

any culture distinct of a culture it is in
-still consistent and harmonious with larger overall culture

Back 31

subculture

Front 32

-not distinct and harmonious with larger overall culture
-no coexisting

Back 32

counterculture

Front 33

process by which different cultures are absorbed into a single mainstream culture

Back 33

assimilation

Front 34

judging other cultures in terms of the standards of one's own

Back 34

ethnocentrism
Pro: in group loyalty
Con: discrimination/conflict

Front 35

removing our own cultural blinders in order to see the ways of life of different people in an unbiased light. judging a society by its own standards

Back 35

cultural relativism

Front 36

values or modes of behavior shared by all human cultures

Back 36

culture universals

Front 37

personal disorientation a person may feel when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life

Back 37

culture shock

Front 38

Standards of behavior that are socially approved but not morally significant. they are norms for everyday behavior that people follow for the sake of tradition or convenience

Back 38

Folkway

Front 39

Strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior, Norms based on defnitions of right and wrong. People feel strongly about them and violating them typically results in disapproval

Back 39

Mores

Front 40

Norm that society holds so strongly that violating it results in extreme disgust

Back 40

taboos

Front 41

Implications of cultures

Back 41

-Deeply embedded
-"Fish doesn't know its in water"
-Contributes to sense of right and wrong
-people are bound by similarities and resist change

Front 42

culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations, and that social problems are conflicts are caused by this

Back 42

Cultural Lag
Ex: having three month summer used to be for children to help on farm, have yet to change that

Front 43

-dilution of two cultures

Back 43

Cultural leveling
Ex: mcdonalds in other countries

Front 44

spreading of elements from one group to other

Back 44

cultural diffusion
-popularity of baseball in japan

Front 45

technological advancement in the US

Back 45

cultural change

Front 46

response from other people that would likely inhibit the likelihood of them repeated it again

Back 46

Sanctions
-Positive responses would reinforce the likelihood of them to repeat good behavior
-Negative responses would inhibit the likelihood of them repeating it again

Front 47

Biology exaplins who we are and why we act the way that we do

Back 47

Nature

Front 48

social environment that we are a part of

Back 48

Nurture

Front 49

process by which we learn the ways of society (or for smaller groups) to function in that culture/society

Back 49

Socialization

Front 50

Socialization has these direction outcomes

Back 50

-Self-concept: how you see yourself
-emotions
-attitudes
-behaviors

Front 51

Deliberate teachings. Right and wrong behaviors to engage in based on social setting

Back 51

explicit socialization

Front 52

come from the ways of being. see what people do and don't do and tend to copy their behaviors

Back 52

subtle socialization
ex: wait in line, face the front

Front 53

the process of learning new attitudes and norms required for a new social role

Back 53

resocialization

Front 54

if you perceive something real, it is real in their consequences

Back 54

Thomas Theorem

Front 55

Social Construction of reality book was written by ...

Back 55

Thomas Luckmann

Front 56

People, groups, or contexts that help influence your way of life

Back 56

Agents of socialization

Front 57

Types of agents of socialization

Back 57

-Family
-Peers/Friends
-Community
-Teachers/School
-Religion
-Media
-Sports/Extracurricular activities

Front 58

"We aren't prisoners of socialization"

Back 58

You can be exposed to the same set of social circumstances as somebody else and instead do the opposite

Front 59

George Herbert Mead

Back 59

Take on the role of the other: you are able to put yourself in somebody else's shoes and imagine seeing things inthe way others see things

Front 60

Generalized other (george herbert Mead)

Back 60

have ability to take on the role of any given other. Have a sense on how to function in society. You are accounting for the collective society not an individual

Front 61

Charles Cooley

Back 61

Looking glass self
-Imagine how we appear to others
-Make conlcusions based on what you imagined

Front 62

sense of self

Back 62

your opinon on how others see you

Front 63

the framework of society. the setting where culture and subculture are playing themselves out

Back 63

social structure

Front 64

positions that you hold and have in society: based on how you should or shouldn't behave

Back 64

social status

Front 65

Examples of social statuses

Back 65

-Black female/white male
-Boyfriend/Girlfriend
-Student
-Son/Daughter

Front 66

Ascribed social statuses

Back 66

involuntary (race, sex)

Front 67

Achieved social statuses

Back 67

voluntary: have to go through something to have achieved it

Front 68

what we use to symbolize the positions we occupy

Back 68

status symbols

Front 69

status that is so salient and recognizable that it cuts through all other statuses. It is the status that people see first, and how people react to someone

Back 69

Master Status

Front 70

How individuals should behave according to a certain status. Certain privileges or obligations expected of somebody in that position

Back 70

Role

Front 71

conflict between roles from different statuses. Roles that compete with each other and are from different statuses

Back 71

Role conflict
Ex: being a father and a professor

Front 72

when different roles from the same status are competing with each other

Back 72

Role strain
Ex: student has multiple classes, how to manage between different classes or extracurricular activities

Front 73

Ervin Goffman's Dramaturgy

Back 73

Assessling life as if it were drama or theatre

Front 74

Dramaturgy

Back 74

better understand the world at the micro level of the indiviudal to see how that indiviudal creates meaning

Front 75

Front stage

Back 75

whenever you're playing any sort of role
ex: playing a student

Front 76

Back stage

Back 76

not playing any role at all

Front 77

Impression management

Back 77

your efforts to manage how other perceive you. You are going to change your behaviors to put on a different show for different audiences

Front 78

when there is a glitch in interaction with someone else

Back 78

saving face
ex: when introducing yourself to someone a 2nd or 3rd time, and then being apologetic

Front 79

number of peopel who regularly interact with each other, sharing similar values norms, and expectations, they actullay think of themselves as belonging together

Back 79

social groups

Front 80

collection of individuals who are temporarily sharing the same space but do not think of themselves as belonging together

Back 80

Aggregate groups
Ex: people in the line at a zoo, at the subway

Front 81

a collection of individuals who have something in common

Back 81

Categories
ex: heterosexuals, blacks/whites

Front 82

primary group

Back 82

most important on influencing us (family and friends)
-tend to view life through the lens of how primary group members shaped for you

Front 83

secondary group

Back 83

class and coworkers
quality of relatinships: impersonal/formal
Duration: short term
Breadth of relationships: narrow

Front 84

groups you feel loyalty to , you actually like the members. something in common that gives you a bond with the pesron

Back 84

In group

Front 85

Contrast of in group, groups towards you are antagonisitic and you dislike the other members

Back 85

Out Group

Front 86

High impact In group and Out group dynamics

Back 86

Stakes are really hihg
-eleveate what the consequences are and the implications of it
-Ex: racial tension, discrimination in hiring

Front 87

Low impact

Back 87

-stakes are really low and it doesn't really matter that much
-Sporting events, rivalry teams

Front 88

Positive functions of in group/out group

Back 88

-give them a sense of belonging, a sense of self worth. Fosters in group loyalty to each other

Front 89

Negative functions of in group/out group

Back 89

can cause ethnocentrims, can cause antagonism, conflict, and discrimination

Front 90

Double standards

Back 90

we have a tendency to selectively remeber postiive things in in-group members but stress negative associations with out-group members

Front 91

Groups that we use as standards to evaluate ourselves or other groups.

Back 91

Reference Groups: You don't have to be a member of that group for it to serve as a reference group

Front 92

When we do not measure up to our reference groups' standards, we experience...

Back 92

cognitive dissonance

Front 93

we have so many standards for ourselves that it makes it hard for us to meet standards of one reference gorup and meet the standards of antoher reference group at the same time

Back 93

contradictory standards

Front 94

all sorts of different types of people in the world. You are more likelty to utilze multiple groups at the same time. The more groups you use , the more likelihodo you are not going to measure up to the standards of these groups

Back 94

social diversity

Front 95

when you move up or down the social class ladder. these people are likely to be in a position where the standards they are being held to are different adn they will fail to measure up

Back 95

social mobility

Front 96

Asch experiemnt: test of conformity

Back 96

-study invovled 7 subjects. Ast subject questions (6 other subjects are confederates (part of the experiment, give the wrong answer). 33% of subjects conform at least half the time. 42% of the subjects conform some of the time

Front 97

Milgram Experiment

Back 97

Associated with the term groupthink: get people to do bad actions when they are usually good people. Experiementer administers experiment and makes sure the teacher keeps shocking the student when they got an answer wrong. Would turn up voltage and 63% of the teachers went to the highest voltage

Front 98

social ties that link people together and is referrred to as a social web

Back 98

social network

Front 99

possesses by which groups affect its members and its member affect groups

Back 99

group dynamics

Front 100

dyad

Back 100

smallest group possible: 2 people
-most intimate
-most unstable (only takes one person to not commit for the group to not exist anymore)

Front 101

Triad

Back 101

3 people: inteactions become more diluted.
-Less intimate and more stable
-Can have a coalition (can be outnumbered in a disagreement)
-Can have a mediator

Front 102

As the size of your group increases...

Back 102

the more formal a relationship becomes. More likely for diffusion of responsibliity (Kitty Genivive got stabbed and around 30 people heard her scream and no one came forward because they thought someone else would first)

Front 103

Bureaucracies

Back 103

formal organizations with
-hiearchy of authority
-clear divisiion of labor
-written rules
-communcations and records
-Impersonal

Front 104

process by which bureaucracies are starting to dominate our social lives in an effort to increase efficiency and to maximize profits

Back 104

reationalization of society

Front 105

when people rely too much on the rules and it makes things inefficient

Back 105

bureaucratic ritualism

Front 106

alienation

Back 106

product of existing within a bureaucracy. people might feel deteached from the people their serving. feel faceless and nameless
Ex: big lecture hall

Front 107

movement where we try to make every aspect of our lvies efficient and as easy as possible

Back 107

mcdonaldization of society

Front 108

Mcdonaldization:

Back 108

-Efficiency: quickness
-Calculability: everything designed and made in exact same way
-Uniformity: everything the same offers conusmers some aspect of predictability
-Control via automation: minimizes human error

Front 109

Does rationalization go too far?

Back 109

-Loss of jobs
-Impersona
-Discourages creative thought