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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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conflict theory of Deviance
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• Those without power and authority tend to be defined as deviant
o Laws (norms) reflect interest of rich o Powerful have resources to resist deviant labels o Norms and laws usually perceived as natural and good. • Those in power use the criminal justice system to protect their personal and class interest o They have the power to control what the meaning of deviance in a society means. |
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Functionalist theory of deviance
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• Deviance is beneficial for society
o Clarifies moral boundaries and affirms norms o 2 Nephi 2:11—an opposition in all things… righteousness could not be brought to pass. o Promotes social unity: ex. Smokey twin towers. Neighborhood watch programs o Encourages social change: ex. Elvis |
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symbolic interactionist: 3 parts
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we act according to our interpretations of situations.
Differential association theory control theory labeling theory |
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symbolic interactionist:
differential association theory |
we learn to deviate from or conform to society's norms primarily from the different groups we associate with.
• the issue: how do social groups influence behavior o deviance is the result of social pressures (but so is compliance) • deviant behavior is learned • deviance will result when exposure to antisocial behavior is.. o frequent o for long periods of time o highly valued by group o from some prestigious… with high status in a social group. |
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(social) control theory of deviance
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• assumption
o men are brutal, savage, and cruel • the issue, then is.. o why most conform, not why some are deviant o compliance to society’s norms is due to social pressures. • Attachments to people ( when you have attachments you are less likely to be deviant) o Family, friends, workmates, neighbors • Involvements in social groups o “an idle mind is the devil’s workshop” • Investments in society o education, job, seniority, car, home, boat • beliefs and values of society o conscience o ex. according to social control theory, the unemployed man is most likely to be deviant. This is because he doesn’t have very many attachments • this takes us back to the looking-glass self |
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symbolic interactionist:
labeling theory |
part of our self-concept: help to set us on paths that either propel us into or divert us from deviance.
• deviance results from labels we are given |
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deviance
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violation of the norms in a society or social system.
• Folkways: sanctions are usually informal and mild o Example: being reverent in sacrament and leaving if being loud • Mores: many mores have laws with fixed sanctions • Statutory deviance: violation of norms related to status o Like violating some norm of whatever status you are in. ex. Underage drinking. |
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white-collar crime
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crimes that people of respectable and high social status commit in the course of their occuptions. ex. physicians that cheat medicare
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capital punishment & rationales
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death penalty:
• Two major issues: o 1. Are there instrumental benefits to the death penalty o 2. Does society have the moral right to take a life? • Instrumental benefits o Deterrence: scares people from having their life taken away from them. o Incapacitations o Cheaper than life in prison—not actually true. o Retribution: family wants some vindication—want the person to pay |
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conflict theory: social stratification
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karl marx: people in power are not there because of superior traits.
members of elite use to justify being on top-seduce oppresed into believeing their welfare depends on keeping society stable.--use this power to extract what it can from the groups beneath it. they use society's resources to benefit themselves. |
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primary vs secondary deviance
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primary: initial act of rule breaking
secondary: Deviance resulting from accepted “deviant” label Self-fulfilling prophecy: people start to treat them as deviant and then they begin to engage in deviant activities. |
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Functionalist theory: social stratification
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Davis and Moore
stratification of society is inevitable: 1. society must make certain that positions are filled. 2. some positions are more important 3. more important positions must be filled by more qualified people. 4. to motivate more qualified, society must offer greater rewards. |
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race
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a group of people with inherited physical characteristics that distinguish it from another group--is a reality. not biological
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ethnicity
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apply to cultural characteristics. refer to people ho identify with one another on the basis of common ancestry and cultural heritage. not biological
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prejudice
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Attitudes or beliefs
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discrimination
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behaviors and actions of unfair treatment direct against someone.
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US census methods of measuring race
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Before 1960 the government told you what race you were, after, people we are able to tell what you were.
continually changing their view of race |
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stereotype
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Attitudes or beliefs of what people are like
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stereotypical content model
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pitied out-group
esteemed in-group despised out-group envied out-group |
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PITY
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high warmth/low competence: elderly, disabled
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PRIDE
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high warmth/high competence: middle class Americans, Olympic athletes
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DISGUST
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low warmth/low competence: homeless people, drug addicts
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ENVY
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low warmth/high competence: rich people, business professionals
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institutional discrimination
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how discrimination is woven into society.
de jure: by right, according to law. ex. Jim Crow Laws de facto: actually existing, especially without lawful authority. ex. real estate agent schemes |
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segregation in housing market
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the black ghetto: 1900-1920s
o This violence causes damage. • If blacks moved into a white neighborhood.. it would be a target for bombs. Burning the home down to regain o Neighborhood improvement associations o Restrictive covenants: determines how a homeowner will act to certain circumstances. (government sponsored) • Real estate agent schemes |
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relationship of race and class with educational attainment
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• If you only include race, blacks are less likely to graduate, but once you take into account individual characteristics, socioeconomic background, parental net work… blacks are increasingly more likely to graduate from highschool.
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criminality vs. race in employment
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Those who send out resumes with criminal records are less likely to hear back for both whites and blacks.
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definition of Family
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factors to consider:
• Who is included • What does a family do • What are the living arrangements consist of people who consider themselves related by blood marriage or adoption. |
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US Census definition of family
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a group of two or more people: one of whom is the householder—the person in whose name the unit is owned or rented—related by birth, marriage, or adoption and residing together.
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institutional era of marriage
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pre 1900s
o Spouses worked together: marriage farm, raise children.. under husband’s authority o Wife was dutiful and submissive o Romantic love unnecessary or undesirable |
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companionship era of marriage
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early 1900-1960s
o Romantic love emphasized o Increasing division of labor: husband does a lot of the work o Women needed education to be engaging companion (Mrs. Degree.. came to college to get marriage) o women were responsible for children |
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individualized era of marriage
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1960s-present
o Husband and wife work outside the home • They are married but they do their own thing o Roles (division of labor) is more flexible o Satisfaction is gained through personal fulfillment and not fulfillment of social roles |
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child-care arrangements
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Parent relative, nanny, neighbor or friend, private of public day care facility.
best: parent worse: parent relative-- child fatality rates are 7 times higher |
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marriage market
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Supply: sex ratio
Preferences—homogamy, propinquity(more likely to marry someone close to you rather than far) Resources- desirable characteristics o Not enough spades as there were hearts |
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explanations of cohabiters for cohabitation
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People explaining why? They want to make sure they are compatible before they get married.
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trend in pay gap and determinants
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women make 70 cents to every $1 men make
-Occupation choices, Seniority, Discrimination --> income level -Women choose child-friendly careers -Flexible schedules -No penalty for leaving job |
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functionalist theory: gender inequality
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-Gender stratification makes society work better
Becker’s theory of Comp Advantage -Biological difference make women more efficient at raising children -Couples who specialize will be more productive -men in labor force and women at home |
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conflict theory: gender inequality
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-Gender stratification benefits men by insuring them greater power, resources and prestige in society
Evidence -Women do more housework than men even when both work full-time -Men’s standard of living goes up after divorce, women’s go down -Few women in top managerial positions POWER OVER PRIVILAGE. |
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minority status of women
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People who are singled out for unequal treatment
-Regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination -Blacks in south africa -Women |
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crime vs deviance
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crime is a deviance that has been put into a law, deviance is not a law--it is just breaking the norms.
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pattern of inequality and income
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the richer are becoming richer and the poorer, poorer
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intergeneration mobility
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refers to a change that occurs between generations.
our parents had a lot less than we do now, but it hasn't been much. inequality has not changed so there is no intergeneration mobility |
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minority status of women
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women assumed task that were associated with the home and child care.
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feminism
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aka SUFFRAGIST the view that biology is not destiny and that stratification by gender is WRONG and should be RESISTED- met with strong opposition.
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feministic perspectives on gender
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3 waves:
1. radical branch to reform all institutions of society 2. protest against gender inequalities-- raise woman's pay to change policies of violence 3. (3parts) 1-greater focus on problems of women in least industrialized nations. 2- criticism of values that dominate work and society. 3- removal of impediments to women's love and sexual pleasure |
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gender and labor force trends
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1890- 1:5 were women
1940- 1:4 1960- 1:3 today- 1:2 projections 55%men 45% women |
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social control
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formal and informal means of enforcing norms.
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US government determines poverty line
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gov computes a low-cost food budget and multiplies it by 3.--poor people are thought to spend 1/3 of income on food.
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ascribed vs achieved status
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Ascribed status: inherited at birth or involuntarily assumed: intelligence, sex, race
Achieved status: voluntarily assumed or earned by effort: education, occupation, athletic accomplishments |
