Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
group |
people who think of themselves as belonging together |
|
|
aggregate |
people that temporarily share some physical space but don't have a sense of belonging (shoppers in a store) |
|
|
category |
share similar characteristics but don't interact (all nursing students in the U.S.) |
|
|
Primary group |
friends and family-initial interactions, sense of belonging and intimacy |
|
|
Secondary group |
more formal and impersonal-based on common activity |
|
|
in-group |
groups we feel loyal to |
|
|
out-group |
groups we feel antagonism towards |
|
|
reference groups |
groups we refer to while evaluating ourselves |
|
|
social network |
people who are linked together |
|
|
Milgram's Experiments |
everyone is connected within six people, and obedience with shock experiment |
|
|
Group dynamics |
how groups influence us and how we influence them |
|
|
Small group |
group small enough so that each member can interact directly with all other members |
|
|
Georg Simmel and group size |
Dyad-two member group-most intimate but least stable Triad-three member group-interaction decreases and coalitions formed-two members are closer |
|
|
Types of leaders |
Instrumental-task oriented Expressive-socioemotional Authoritarian-gives orders Democratic-gains consensus Laissez-faire-highly permissive |
|
|
Conformity |
our peers have no authority over us, only the influence we allow |
|
|
Social interaction |
process by which people act toward or respond to other people and is the foundation of all relationships and groups in society |
|
|
Status |
socially defined position in society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties |
|
|
Ascribed Status |
social position based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control (race, age, gender) |
|
|
Achieved Status |
social position that a person assumes as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort |
|
|
Master Status |
most important status that a person occupies |
|
|
Status Symbols |
material signs that inform others of a person's specific status (wedding ring) |
|
|
Social roles |
society's definition of the way a specific role ought to be played |
|
|
Role performance |
how a person actually plays a role |
|
|
Role conflict |
occurs when incompatible demands are built into a single status that the person holds |
|
|
Role strain |
when incompatible demands are built into a single status that the person holds (role overload) |
|
|
Social institution |
set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs |
|
|
Five Tasks of Social Institutions |
1. Replace members 2. Teach new members 3. Provide, distribute, and consume goods and services 4. Preserve order 5. Provide and maintain a sense of purpose |
|
|
Social construction of reality |
process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience |
|
|
Self-fulfilling prophecy |
false and sometimes true belief or prediction that produces behavior that makes the original belief come true |
|
|
F Tonnies and Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft |
Gemeinschaft-traditional society based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship (mechanical solidarity-Durkheim)
Gesellschaft-urban society-social bonds based on impersonal relationships (organic solidarity) |
|
|
Egalitarian society |
hunting and gathering-everyone is equal and organized by kinship |
|
|
Horticulture society |
hand held tools- women do most of work, subsistence and surplus farming |
|
|
Pastoral society |
develop Hordes, somewhat military society |
|
|
Agricultural society |
2nd revolution-use of plows-lots of traditions and rules come from agricultural societies-overcrowding and control of women |
|
|
Industrial society |
3rd revolution-mechanical means of producing goods |
|
|
Post Industrial society |
use of technology and special knowledge |
|
|
Groupthink |
Irving Janis-collective tunnel vision that group members sometimes develop-only one right viewpoint |
|
|
Iron Law of Oligarchy |
key members or inner circle believe only they can be trusted to make decisions for the entire group |
|
|
5 Characteristics of Bureaucracies |
1. Clear levels of Assignment 2. Division of Labor (specialization) 3. Written rules 4. Written communications and records 5. Impersonality and replaceability |
|
|
Dysfunctions of Bureaucracies |
1. red tape-a rule is a rule 2. alienation-individuals feel like objects and employees are cut off from final product 3. Peter principle-promoted only to level of incompetence |
|
|
Social interaction |
process by which people act toward or respond to other people-reflect on and interpret world continuously |
|
|
Dramaturgical Approach (Goffman) |
front stage and back stage behavior Presentation of self-pretend like you didn't notice something embarassing Identity kit-everything you bring with you to the outside world |
|
|
Account vs. Disclaimer |
account-excuse for what did happen disclaimer-excuse for what is going to happen |
|
|
Ed Hall and Distance |
intimate distance-up to 18 inches personal distance-18 inches to 4 feet social distance-4 feet to 12 feet public distance-12 feet and up |
|
|
Social class |
large group of people who work closely to one another in power, property, and prestige |
|
|
Marx's Classes |
Workers and Capitalists-dependent on relationship to production |
|
|
Wright's Classes |
Workers, Managers, petty bourgeoisie, and capitalists (employee/employer distinction) |
|
|
U.S. Classes |
1. Capitalists- 1%-greatest power and influence 2. Upper Middle-15%-very educated 3. Lower Middle-34%-jobs follow orders 4. Working Class-30%-more routine (real) jobs 5. Working Poor-unskilled, no high school degree 6. Underclass-5%-welfare, no chance of advancing |
|
|
Classes and Theories |
Conflict Theory-stratification hurts society Functionalist Theory-stratification is both necessary and inevitable Symbolic-people create and share stratificaiton |
|
|
Social Control |
systematic practice used to encourage conformity to norms and to discourage deviance |
|
|
3 Functions of Deviance (Durkheim) |
1. Clarifies rules 2. Unites a group 3. Promotes social change |
|
|
4 Functions of Prison |
1. Punish 2. Deter 3. Remove people from society 4. Rehabilitate |
|
|
Biological Approaches to Deviance |
Endomorph-heavy set, not likely to be a criminal Ectomorph-very thin, not likely to be a criminal Mesomorph-muscular, likely to be a criminal |
|
|
Anomie (Durkheim) |
normlessness-no rules |
|
|
Anomie Theory of Deviance/Strain Theory |
1. Conformity-accepts approved means and goals 2. Innovation-accepts goals and uses disapproved means 3. Ritualism-abandons goals and conforms to approved means 4. Retreatism 5. Rebellion |
|
|
Guilt vs. Shame |
guilt-internal social control shame-angry that you got caught-risks are not greater than the rewards |
|
|
Cultural Transmission Theory |
deviance is learned-intensity, contact, age, frequency, and duration |
|
|
Control Theory |
deviance results from a failure of social control-attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief in group values |
|
|
Labeling Theory |
primary deviance-original deviant set secondary deviance-behavior resulting from being labeled a deviant |
|
|
Traditional Notion |
deter others from committing crimes-written by NORP (Normal Ordinary Responsible People) |
|
|
Types of Crimes |
Conventional, violent, property, white collar, political, and organized |
|
|
Types of Social Mobility |
Intergenerational mobility-on a different social class than your parents Structural mobility-changes in society that allow large numbers of people to move up or down the class ladder
|
|
|
Ethnomehodology |
study of how people use commonsense understandings to make sense of life |
|
|
Background Assumptions |
ideas about the way life is and the way things ought to work |
