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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Technological determinism Lenski and lenski |
The level of technology determines the type of society you live in. |
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Ways of living lead to consciousness |
Social structure determines culture |
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Hunting/gathering |
Origin: 250,000 Biological innovation: bigger brain Comment: no economic stratification bc no surplus (things rot), no gender stratification (women control their labor), division of labor. |
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Why are some hunting/gathering societies sexist? |
War. Know bc burial remains and ethnographic inference. |
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Horticulture, fishing, pastoral |
Origin: 12,000 Tech innovation: hand tools Comment: origin or surplus, origin of inequality |
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Agriculture/agrarian |
Origin: 5,000 Tech: metal plow Comment: greatest amount of economic/gender stratification inequality becomes a permanent feature |
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Industrial |
Origin: 1750 Tech: steam engine Comment: society based on manufacturing goods, some attenuation(lessening) or economic/gender stratification |
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Post industrial |
Based on selling info and providing services Origin: 1950 Tech:computer Comment: death of unions, higher wealth and inequality, jobs go overseas or replaced by automation, weaker social safety net |
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Technological determinism vs social construction of technology |
Technologies that are developed and implemented depend on: 1. If they fit the culture 2. If they serve an interest to people of power. E.g. Computer, cellphone |
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Economic determinism Karl Marx |
The economy dominates all the other social institutions and defines the character of the entire society |
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Human history is the history of class conflict |
Hunting/gathering: no conflict Horticulture: master/slave Agrarian: lord/serfs Industrial: bourgeoisie( of the town, capitalist)/ proletariat (workers) |
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Materialism |
How humans produce material goods shapes their consciousness |
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Economic determinism (materialism) |
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Feudalism |
Determines polity (monarchy) religion (Catholicism), values/ideas ( hierarchy) |
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Capitalism (economy) |
Determines polity (democracy), religion (Protestantism), and values/beliefs (individualism) |
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Marx belief |
Economic inequality would cause racism. Important bc cause and effect. Economic inequality leads to racism |
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"It's not consciousness of men that determines their being; rather, social being determines consciousness" Marx |
The way you were raised determines what you want to be in life (goals, what you want out of life). |
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Alienation |
"An experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness" Powerless bc capitalist control our labor |
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4 aspects of alienation |
1. Alienated from act/process of working ( assembly line work) 2. Alienated from product of labor (do work don't own product) 3. Alienated from other workers ( in competition w/them) 4. Alienated from ourselves |
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Why no revolution? |
False consciousness when workers misperceive their interests as the same as the interests of capitalist |
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Why no revolution if truly miserable? |
False consciousness when workers misperceive their interests as the same as the interests of capitalist. E.g. Low tax for wealthy, low unemployment rate |
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When will change come? |
Class consciousness "Workers recognition as a class unified in opposition to capitalist and ultimately capitalism itself" |
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Labor is our species being- Marx |
Our ability to work and create things is what makes us human. We have the capacity to rethink the world and reshape it better |
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Capitalism Marx |
Under capitalism our labor is alienated, alienated bc capitalist control our labor |
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What is social class? |
One's relationship to the "means of production" everything needed to produce wealth except labor e.g. Land, resources, capital |
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Capitalist |
If you own the means of production |
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Worker |
If you own nothing but your labor power which you sell to capitalist |
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2 ways of conceiving social class |
1. A group "in itself": ones objective social class location 2. A group "for itself"- an intersubjective feeling of unity based on shared social class "location" |
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Rationalization of society Weber |
Rationalization causes change. We don't live like our grandfathers, our children won't live like us. |
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Large scale organization |
Horticulture. Political officials oversaw life, public works and welfare. |
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Personal discipline |
Early Calvinist, encouraged by cultural values. |
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Rationalization vs alienation Weber vs Marx |
Both have control over lives. Bureaucratic alienation-Weber, similar to Alienation of being powerless- Marx |
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Marx Problems in society |
Capitalist War fixed problem Powerlessness |
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Weber Problems in society |
Bureaucracy (characteristics of capitalist and communist) Powerlessness Pessimistic for human happiness |
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Capitalist vs communist Weber |
More alike than different bc based on bureaucracy causing alienation |
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Marx vs Weber |
Weber makes idealist argument (not determinist) that ideas can transform material conditions. Marx believed in "materialism" business becomes "calling" |
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Marx vs Durkheim |
Marx- equality Durkheim- order |
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We live in an iron cage of materialistic goods and bureaucracy Weber |
Material goods control our lives. |
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Shift lead to rationalization |
Protestantism lead to rationalism lead to capitalism lead to bureaucratization. |
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Rationalism |
Represents a shift a shift away from traditional authority |
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Rationalization vs alienation Weber vs Marx |
Both have control over lives. Bureaucratic alienation-Weber, similar to Alienation of being powerless (caused by capitalist)- Marx |
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Protestant |
Get to heaven by grace of god. |
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Calvinist vs Marx |
Calvinist argued against Marx. Believed in pre destination |
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Early protestants |
Believed people who did well in life was bc they were chosen by god. Worked hard put all effort into business to be considered chosen one. |
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Marx vs Weber |
Weber makes idealist argument that ideas can transform material conditions. Marx believed in "materialism" business becomes "calling" |
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Distinctive social institutions |
Hunter/gathers |
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Separation of social institutions |
Rational way to meet human needs efficiently |
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Rationalism leads to disenchantment |
Bc science has replaced religion as dominant world view; real loss |
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Division of labor Durkheim |
The driving force of historical change |
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Division of labor Traditional society |
Mechanical solidarity (sameness) Durkheim believed people automatically feel solidarity bc same. No division of labor |
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Division of labor Modern society |
Highly specialized Organic solidarity- difference, but interdependent Durkheim admits sense of solidarity is harder to create in modern world |
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Durkheim vs Tonnies |
Durkheim Mechanical solidarity- close bc sameness Organic solidarity- different but interdependent. Doctor needs farmer visa versa. Tonnies Gemeinschaft- community Gesellschaft- mass society (association) |
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Durkheim vs Tonnies |
Tonnies disagrees with Durkheim. Tonnies believes that there is no sense of solidarity in modern world bc people act on basis of self interest. No close relationships bc based on self interest. |
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Socialization |
Lifelong process, humans develop their humanity and particular personalities. Behavior is from nurture not nature. Social isolation is damaging, social experience is essential to human development. Society can shape our thoughts, feelings, actions but we can fight back by shaping social world and ourselves |
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What determines personality? |
Socialization |
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Id |
Represents innate human drives (life and death instincts) Mostly unconscious |
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Ego |
Conscious effort to balance innate pleasure seeking. Resolves competition bt the demands for the id and the restraints of the superego |
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Superego |
Internalized cultural values and norms Mostly unconscious |
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Ego |
Resolves competition bt the demands for the id and the restraints of the superego |
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Superego |
Internalized cultural values and norms |
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Internalized norms |
Personality is a peach (has a core) |
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Methods of social control |
Force Shame Guilt |
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Force |
Coercion, anti democratic, expensive |
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Shame |
(Small town) close nit community, feelings others put on you. |
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Guilt |
Internalization of norms. High degree of integration can lead to guilt |
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Oedipal complex |
Most specific model of internalization of norms Boy wants to kill father have sex w/mother |
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Stages of consciousness |
Conscious- aware state Precocious- unaware material easily accessed Unconscious- unaware content that cannot be accessed bc actively repressed. |
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Kohlberg vs freud |
Both Believe women have lower moral development. Scientific justification for sexism |
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Harsh parenting |
Lenient superego. Feel less guilt |
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Lenient parenting |
Harsh superego, kids are harder on themselves. Guilt trip kids. |
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Melvin kohn Class position |
Similar to harsh/lenient parenting |
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Freud vs Weber |
Both pessimistic about the chances of human happiness. Freud bc civilization Weber bc bureaucracy |
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What would Freud say about communism? |
Communism would never work bc it violates human nature "we want more" |
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How can Marx argue against Freud saying it's not human nature? |
Hunting/gathering societies had no stratification |
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Marx |
Believe communism allows people to live the way they desire. It's not human nature to want more it's social structure. |
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Piaget Stages of sequential development |
Development proceeds in fixed stages. Accomplished in order Universally true for all humans. |
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Piaget vs kohlberg vs Erickson |
All believe in stages of sequential development |
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Piaget vs Freud |
Piaget saw mind as active and creative |
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Piaget vs Freud |
Piaget saw mind as active and creative |
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Problems with stages of sequential development |
Assumes cognitive ability is measurable. Assumes we have a test to measure it. (IQ) Assumes we can rank people in terms of intelligence. |
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Kohn |
Working class favor obedience and conformity Middle class favor judgement and creativity |
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Kohlberg |
Used moral test to find IQ empirically. Believed men have higher stage of moral development |
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Gilligan |
Women do not have inferior moral stance just diff language. Men speak in justice women in care. Men women are equal just different. |
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Gilligan vs Kohlberg |
Gilligan criticized kohlberg. Can't judge everyone by the same rubric, morality is socially defined. |
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Why gilligan and kohlberg both wrong |
Moral languages tell us nothing about moral behavior. |
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Mead Socialization |
Development of self 3 stages: Play The game The generalized other |
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Play |
Take on role of one other person. Learning role of others. Crucial for development. The way kids play prepare them for life. |
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The game |
Take on role of everyone else in the game at the same time. Learning social roles, have to understand all roles not just own |
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The generalized other |
Widespread of cultural norms and values of society that are used to evaluate ourselves. |
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How does mead account for individual differences? |
I: spontaneous self acting (acting as subject) Me: evaluating ourselves as we act (seeing ourselves as we act as objects) |
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Mead vs Cooley |
Similar Cooley: "looking glass self": a self image based on how we think other people see us. |
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Freud vs mead |
Freud's Id-> mead's rejected any biological element of self. Ego -> mead's I (you acting in the world) Superego-> Me (evaluates you)
Disagree w/Freud who thinks we are born with drives. Mead thinks we are born tabula rasa (blank slates) |
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Problems w/Mead |
No role for instincts in behavior (defined by environment) |
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How does Mead explain conflict? |
Bc we live in a multicultural society, leading different things and ways to socialize |
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Erickson Age grading |
Improvement on Piaget 8 stages of development Age grading- differential allocation of rights and responsibilities on the basis of age. |
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Aries |
Argues childhood is not biological category, it's socially constructed. Age is socially constructed. Children were treated as adults back in the day. |
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Childhood Aries |
Invention of industrial society |
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Adolescence |
Period of economic and political semi dependence. People are given the responsibilities of adulthood at earlier ages w/o having access to meet those responsibilities causing social strain. |
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Aries vs Erickson |
Aries contradicts Erickson. |
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Goffman Total institutions |
An institution in which your entire life takes place w/in 4 walls. |
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Purpose of Total institutions |
Resocialization- radically changing an inmates personality by carefully controlling the environment |
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Who gives one sided materialistic causal interpretation of culture and history? |
Marx: economy determines culture |
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Which of Durkheim's 4 concepts is most similar to marx's alienation? |
Fatalism (too much social regulation) |
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What is the independent variable that determines parenting style? |
Occupation |
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What can we conclude from the fact that there is no compliment to freud's Id in Mead's theory? |
There is little room for instinct in mead's theory. |
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Who's theory of personality does the idea of resocialization support? |
Mead (personality is more flexible like onion) |
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The modern world has less moral cohesion than earlier societies had |
Marx and Weber (alienation) |
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The city spawns a particular type of personality |
Durkheim |
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In their social lives people tend to put on a variety of performances |
Goffman |
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People create the social worlds that ultimately come to enslave them |
Marx capitalism Weber rationalization |
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People always retain the capacity to change the social worlds that constrain them |
Social construction theory. Idea of revolution |
