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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Symbolic Interation Theory |
(Micro) communication, gestures, create and maintain family life |
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social exchange theory |
(Micro) lasting relationships have more rewards vs. costs |
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Structural Functionalism Theory |
(Macro) families fill important roles of the benefit of society (Micro) family members fill important roles for families, benefitting families and society |
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Conflict Theory |
(Macro) Economy creates inequalities across families (classes, poverty) (Micro) economic position influences family behavior. some family members have more power & benefits |
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Feminism Theory |
(Macro) gender ideology creates inequality in society. Men benefit (Micro) gender ideology creates inequality within families, men benefit |
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Teen fertility |
peaked in 1955 (birth rate:97; most married) since 1990's, pregnancy and abortion rates down 1. more abstaining 2. more using contraception 3. more effective contraception 2013 teen birth rate: 27, most unmarried |
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Economic factors important for fertility |
Macro - fertility follows trends in economy micro - differences in education and income fertility higher in developed countries where more women work fertility differs by socio-economic status timing of births differ by education & income |
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Cultural and social aspects of fertility |
Pronatalist society patterning of fertility more likely to be a teen parent if mom was later age at 1st birth if raised by both parents social contagion of fertility among friends |
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Pronatalism |
encourage childbearing contributors: family, parents, spouses, friends, religion, cultural observations (holidays), government incentives more prevalent when you do not have kids |
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Pregnancy myths |
pregnancy always positive gendered (fully feminine, males ability) |
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Non-parenthood |
childless stereotyped as selfish, especially women research shows people who are not parents are NOT unhappy or lonely % of women (40-44) who are childless 70's - 2006: % increase 2006-2013: % decrease |
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Types of Non-parenthood |
Childfree (choice to not have kids) 1.Consistent - never wanted to have kids 2. Postponers: putting off having kids, eventually biological constraints, might be more socially acceptable than 'consistent' 3. infertility and no adoption: originally wanted children, struggled, decided no adoption |
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Infertility |
Fecundity - ability to have children Infertility - inability to conceive after 1 year (9% of population) with delays in fertility, more having trouble especially for more educated |
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Infertility options |
1. Infertility treatments: range in options, success declines with age, harder on low-income because of costs 2. Adoption: no "accident", international adoption declining (in past 5 years) |
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Benefits of parenting |
1. emotional satisfaction 2. positive new dimension to life 3. care taking in old age (social & economic) 4. men may be more "stable" |
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Costs of parenting |
1. financial liability 2. emotional stress and depression 3. relationship quality declines 4. work-family conflicts |
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Norms of Parenthood |
widely accepted rules about how people should behave expert opinions change over time norms vary across group situational factors |
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Breastfeeding |
socially patterned 1800s - wet-nurses 1900s - formulas now - breast milk |
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Parents socialize kids |
1. Norms 2. values, goals, principles |
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How parents socialize children |
1. parental support: encourage positive behavior 2. parental control: set limits, punishments i. induction: explains why behavior is wrong ii. coercion: use/threaten physical force iii. love withdrawal: use/threaten no affection |
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Baumrinds 4 types of parenting |
Support: High or Low; Control: Any of 3 1. permissive: high support, low control 2. authoritarian: low support, high control 3. uninvolved: low support, low control 4. authoritative: high support, high inductive control * most effective |
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Lareau's Parenting styles |
1. Concerted cultivation (CC): middle/upper class 2. natural growth: working class/ poor Results: cc-> entitlement; natural -> sense of constraint Neither style is inherently better overall Transition to adulthood for CC more difficult CC works better with modern education |
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Single Parent families |
since 1960 - single parent household has tripled 2013: 25% of U.S. households were single mom 6% single dad |
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Risks for single parents |
More likely to experience: 1. poverty and need governmental aid 2. depression and anxiety 3. role strain as parent: mixed message |
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Common child experiences (growing up in single parent households) |
1. lack of relationship with non-residential parent 2. lack of second parent to monitor 3. more likely poor, on government assistance 4. more likely to engage in "risk-taking" 5. more likely to perform poorly in school dropout, not go to college |
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Mass Incarceration (effects on children) |
Families: less income and more homelessness effects on children: depression & anxiety stigma for something they did not do developmental delays (cognitive/academically) attention deficits worse educational outcomes |
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Life Course Perspective |
Study of changes in individuals' lives over time as they relate to historic events 3 dimensions of time: period, age, cohort |
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Period (dimension of time) |
historical time - calendar date or an event shape a person's outlook |
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Age (dimension of time) |
an individual's length of life reflects development sequence of expected roles |
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birth cohort (dimension of time) |
persons born in the same year experience historical events at a particular age cohort = age*period |
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cohort vs. generation |
cohort - born in a particular year generation - born in a group of subsequent years |
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Adolescence -> adulthood Early and mid 20th century |
adolescence = transition to adulthood (18) post 1940 labeled adult if did 1+: finished school financially independent lived independently started a family transition to adulthood relatively seamless, ordered |
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adolescence -> adulthood since 1990 |
more difficult for 18-24 in 1990s than 1970-80s those 18-24 in late 90s: less likely to have ever married less likely to be employed less likely to be employed full time have lower earnings, less prestigious jobs more likely to live at home |
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demographic transition |
term for the process by which a society moves from a situation of high fertility and low life expectancy to a situation of low fertility and high life expectancy |
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Aging population (why growth in elderly population) |
1. adult mortality declined during 20th century life expectancy: men<women, blacks<whites<hispancis 2. baby boom generation aging |
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Economic conditions for elderly |
1. well-being improved: incomes now more similar to other adults more social security more available 2. challenges: retirement income fragile, new risk= out-of-pocket health care increase; living long => money must las longer |
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elderly more likely to be poor if: |
very old female african american or latino |
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elderly living independently |
more since 1940: more living alone and fewer with other relatives and non-relatives Why? more want to live alone |
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women more likely to live alone (elderly) |
In 2007; women=39%, men=19% Why? 1. outlive men 2. harder to remarry |
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intergenerational ties grandparent and grandchild |
living with grandparents increase more into grandparents' home increase skipped-generation households increase often because of crisis |
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Work-Family conflict strategies |
1. Stay-at-home parent 97.5% are women; recent rise in dads 2. dual earner (not dual career) usually one career (typically gendered), strategize job timing 3. equally shared parenting rare because takes flexible, white-collar jobs |
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Mothers choosing between jobs and leaving to be stay at home |
Stated preferences - most would work if didn't limit time with kids only 16% want full time least educated had strongest desire to work Behaviors: college degree: most choices and most likely to work Opting out of work limited to: 1. upper class with father figure high demand job 2. working class where wages < daycare expenses |
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Divorce vs. marital dissolution & peak/rate |
Divorce: legal ending of a marriage by choice marital dissolution: ending of a marriage for any reason (divorce, separation, abandonment, death) divorce rate is down from peak in 1980s |
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Factors producing divorce |
levels: macro, meso, individual/couple Macro - economic development, social institution, religion/cultural values Meso - premarital childbearing, age at first marriage, education and income, marriage duration |
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Demographic (meso-level) In U.S., more likely to divorce if... |
1. married young - negative correlation between age at marriage & risk of divorce; BEST predictor of divorce 2. exogamous by race or religion 3. husband unemployed 4. wife employed 5. wives earn more than husbands 6. income and education; U-shaped curve; form highest to lowest divorce risk i. low income, HS degree or less ii. high income, professional degree iii. middle income, some college/college degree 7. your parents divorced (positive correlation) |
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Key factor: marital satisfaction wife happy vs. unhappy in marriage |
wife happy in marriage: wife works & divorce NO LINK wife unhappy in marriage: wife works & divorce LINK |
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Legal: Child custody (3) |
1. sole or joint
2. legal custody = legal responsibility and right to make decisions about child i. "best interest of child" ii. if joint, generally symbolic 3. physical custody = where child lives |
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Legal: Child support |
court ordered monetary payments noncustodial parent --> custodial parent 60% custodial mothers legally awarded, only 46% EVER receive any money |
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Social: Child after divorce |
often limited contact with dad emotional and behavioral adjustments depends on conflict BEFORE divorce less successful in own careers and families |
