Snakes

Front 1

Suborder of snakes

Back 1

Serpentes

Front 2

Constrictors

Back 2

Boidae

Front 3

Largest family

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Colubridae

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3 families of venomous

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Elapidae

Hydrophidae

Viperidae

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Heavily keratinized and composed of 3 layers of dead cells

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Outer layer or stratum corneum

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Single row of scales on ventral surface of snakes body

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Ventral scutes or gastropeges

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Regular shedding of snakes skin

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Ecdysis

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Solid color without markings

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Uniform colors

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Small flecks of color

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Speckles

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Narrow lines o color

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Stripes

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Small rounded marks without border

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Spots

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Band of color extending across back and down and sides but do not cross the belly

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Croosbands

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Large squarish or irregular shaped markings with dark borders. Resembke crossbands

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Blotches

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Bands of color that extend across back down tge sides and across bellt

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Rings

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Slightly overlapping diamond shaped blotches

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Diamonds

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Smooth surface that reflect light

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Smooth scales

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Dull no gloss surface

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Keeled scales

Front 18

Small opening behind tongue, always closed forming a vertical slit. Producew snakes characteristic hiss. Allows respiration when eating large prey

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Glottis

Front 19

Are incomplete, looks like a C than an O

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Trachea

Front 20

Responsible for inspiration and expiration

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Large smooth muscle between chest abd abdomen

Front 21

Interesting adaptation to their cardiovascular system that mammals lack

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Renal portal system

Front 22

Spleen and pancreas collectively referred as

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Splenopancreas

Front 23

Helps regulate the bodys blood glucose levels and produce digestive enzymes

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Pancreas

Front 24

Not associated with liver

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Gall bladder

Front 25

Responsible for producing immune cells

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Thymus

Front 26

Production od thyroid hormone and responsible for normal shedding cycle

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Thyroid gland

Front 27

Regulate calcium and phosphorus levels in body

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Parathyroid gland

Front 28

Pink tubelike structures, produce corticosterone

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Adrenal glands or stress glands

Front 29

Has little digestive significance, mostly serve as lubricant

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Saliva

Front 30

Allow for great stretchability to accomodate large food

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Esophagus

Front 31

Where food is dumped into the first loop of the SI

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Pylorus

Front 32

Small appendage bet small and large intestine

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Cecum

Front 33

Look like stack of pennies

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Kidneys

Front 34

How many lobes do kidneys have

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25 to 30 lobes

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3 chambered structure with multiple functions

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Cloaca

Front 36

Where feces is discharged

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Coprodeum

Front 37

Receuve urogenital organs and carry urine and eggs

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Urodeum

Front 38

General mixing area

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Proctodeum

Front 39

Acts as the urine storage organ

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Ureter

Front 40

Whefe seminal fluids from the repro sexual segment of kidneys are added

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Solitary vas deferens

Front 41

70% of snakes are like this, they lay eggs

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Oviparous

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Families that are oviparous

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Colubridae

Elapidae

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Snakesnthat nourish their young through a olacenta and yolk dac, give bitth to live young no eggs

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Viviparous

Front 44

Snakes that are viviparous

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Boa constrictors

Green anaconda

Front 45

Develop eggs inside body and they hatch inside

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Ovoviviparous

Front 46

Snake that is ovoviviparous

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Rattlesnake

Front 47

When snake is moving through grass, sulinusoidal curves

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Serpentine movement

Front 48

Slow straight movement, use wide ventral scales, used by large snakes

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Caterpillar movement

Front 49

Used in environments with few resistance pints, (sandy or muddy)

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Sidewinding movement

Front 50

Climb or move in tight spaces

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Concertina movement

Front 51

Factors to consider when feeding snake

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Temp

Lighting

Humidity

Size of habitat

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Young growing snakes require food every

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2-3days

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Small adult snakes need to eat

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Weekly or more often

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Giant snakes eat

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4-6 times yearly

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Need to remember when prrparing food

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Prey should not have been treated with topical parasiticides within 3 weeks

Prey should not have been administered antimicrobials and euthanasia compounds

Prey frozen at 0C as method of preservation in zoological institutions

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How to humanely euthanize prey

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Carbon dioxide

Cervical dislocation

Front 57

Not recommended to feed live prey because

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Excessive stress to prey

Injuries to snake from prey

Illegal in other countries

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Most commonly seen form of reptile enclosure, recommended for venomous and fast moving snakes

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Glass fronted wooden vivarium

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Fairly simole fish tank like structures

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Manufactured cages

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Generally one section of corrugated iron water tank without top or bottom, reptiles exposed to sunlight

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Earth ring

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Cheapest form of enclosure, disposable and esily broken

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Critter box

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2 ideal substrates

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Newspaper

Leaf litters

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Best source od lighting

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Natural UV

Front 64

Enclosure lighting can be provided by

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Ultraviolet tubes

Dichroic globes

Fluorescent tubes

Blacklight tubes

Incandescent lights

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Methods of supplying heat source

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Hot rocks

Heating pad

Heat tape

Ceramic globes

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Materials used for restraint

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Padded tongs

Snake hook

Leather gloves

Plastic tubes

Pillowcase

Plastic goggles

Plastic face visoelr

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Standard technique

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One person for every 3-4 ft

Front 68

Gender can be determined by

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Tail length or probing

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Parasympatholytic

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Glycopyrrolate

Front 70

Deep sedation

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Propofol

Front 71

Moderate sedation

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Ketamine

Telazole

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Moderate sedation for larger snakes

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Telazole

Front 73

Chamber induction ir mask

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Isoflurane

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Local ansthetic

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2% lidocain

Front 75

Mild anest

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Propofol

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Endotracheal tube

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Sevoflurane

Front 77

For seizure

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Diazepam

Front 78

Combination for anest

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Ketamine

Medetomidine

Front 79

Blind technique in snakes

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Venipuncture

Front 80

2 common sites for veni

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Caudal vein

Heart (cardiocentesis)

Front 81

Integument diagnostic proce.

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Shed skin

Skin scrape

Impression smear

Skin biopsy

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Respi diagnostic proced

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Lung lavage

Endoscopy

Swabbing

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GI diagnostic proced

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Coprological exam

Cloacolonic lavage

Celiotomy

Endoscopy

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Repro system diagnostic proced

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Rigid endoscope

Front 85

Begin with increased salivation and infected teeth may fall out

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Mouth rot

Front 86

Agent of mouth rot

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Aeromonas hydrophila

Front 87

Treatment for mouth rot

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Topical antibiotics

Administer fluids

Front 88

Respiratory infection is often a sequel of stomatitis with bacteria from the oral cavit

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Pneumonia

Front 89

Associated with damp and filthy environment, pink red appearance in bottom scales

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Blister disease

Front 90

Significant problem in many reptiles collections and can be hardto eliminate

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Ophionyssus natricis

Front 91

Treatment of mites

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Fipronil

Ivermectin

Front 92

Immediate signs are abnormal sheding or lozalized areas of irritation

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Ticks, Aponomma elaphense

Front 93

Treatment for ticks

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Water bath

Olive oil

Pyrethroids

Front 94

Significant viral infection in pet snakes, may be repiratory or neurological and lead to death

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Ophidian paramyxovirus

Front 95

Treatment for opmv

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Supportive care

Euthanasia

Front 96

Another significant infection in pet snakes, common in boas and pythons

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Inclusion body disease

Front 97

Where inclusion bodies are seen in live snakes

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Liver

Esophageal tonsil

Front 98

Where inclusion bodies are seen postmortem

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Brain

Pancreas

Front 99

Pcr testing for IBD is bases on

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Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid blood sample

Esophageal swab

Front 100

Treatment for ibd

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Supportive care

Euthanasia

Front 101

Principal invaders of septicemia

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Aeromonas hydrophila

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Front 102

Isolated from necrotic foci in liver, causes enteritis

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Salmonellosis

Front 103

PROTOZOAN PARASITE THAT CAUSES ULCERATIVE ENTERITIS, HEPATITIS, GASTRITIS, this disease begins in large intestine

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Rhizopoda

Front 104

Agent of rhizopoda

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Endamoeba invadens

Front 105

Reported infection by eimeria bitis of gall bladder or garter snakes, bladde lining is shredded and tissue damage

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Coccidiosis

Front 106

Predominant pathogen in case of intestinal and gall bladder infection in timber rattlesnake

Back 106

Isospora naiae