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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are most corticosteriods administered for in Vet Med
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anti-inflammatory effects
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Name w naturally occuring corticosteriods
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1. Glucocorticosteriod (cortisol
2. Mineraocorticosetroid (aldasterone) |
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what is a primary mediator of immune response
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prostaglandin
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Pain sensation arises in free nerve endings called
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nociceptors
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NSAID that selectively inhibit _____ are thought to produce fewer GI side effects
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Cox-2
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Common side effects of NSAID
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GI ulceration or bleeding
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What do mineralocorticoids do in teh body
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regulate electrolyte & water balance
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Clinical considerations of NSAID administrateio
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1 not curative, only ameloriative
2. close observatin 3. Blood tx - long term effect adreanl, kidney * liver 4. Loading dose & diminish to maintenance levels 5.NEVER abruptly discontinue 6 DO NOT USE for corneal ulcers |
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Short term side-effects of corticost?
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1. Polyuria/polydipsia
2. thining skin, muscle wasting & impaired healing 3. polyphagia & wt. gain |
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Long term effects of corticosteroids
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1. thinning skin
2. gastric ulcers 3. osteoporosis 4. iatrogenic Cushing's Dz |
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Clinical use of corticost
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1. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY
2.Immunosuppressive 3. replacement therapy |
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Contraindications for corticosteroids
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1. Steriods irrite peptic ulcers
2. Diabetes 3. Blood dyscrasias (blood cancer 4. Kidney, liver or heart dz 5. pregnant animals - xx placenta 6. glaucoma - increased fluid retension |
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5 types of corticosteroids
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1. Dexamethisone (Azium, Dexasone)
2. Prednisone, prenisolone 3. methylprednisolone (Depo=Medrol 4. prednisolone sodium succinate (Solu-Delta-Crortef) 5. Triamcinolone (vetalog) |
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Uses for dexamethisone, duration of effect & names
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MOST COMMON
1. Head trauma & 2. hypovolemic shock 3. Long acting - 48 HR 4. NOT FOR CATS Azium, Dexasone |
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Duration of effect of prenisolone/prednisone
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2nd MOST COMMON
1. intermediate acting (12-36hr) |
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Which corticosteroid is good for cats
& what is the duration of effect |
methylprednisoone (depo-medrol
intermediate acting |
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Which corticosteriod is for emergency use only & what is the duration of effect
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1. prednisolone sodium succinate
acute disk disorder TX of shock ULTER-SHORT ACTING ( <12HR) |
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Common corticosteriod used for skin allergies & duration of effect
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Triamcinolone (vetalog, panalog)
intermediate actin, but strong HALF LIFE(time to excrete 1/2of administered dose |
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Which corticosteriod is ultra short acting
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prednisolone sodium succinate (Sole-Delta-Cortef)
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What is a potential electrolyte imbalance in a small animal when using loopdiurectics
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hypokalemia
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What is the effect of ACE INHIBITORS ON THE BODY
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Decrease pre-load and afterload on the heart in CHF - by preventing retension of Na & H2O
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What is the action oof diltiazem
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Calcium channel blocker to relax the heart with thikened walls & poor contractility
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Lidocaine is used to control what abnormality
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premature ventricular contractions & ventricular tahcycardia
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Which osmotic diuretic is used to reduce intracranial pressure or tx oliguric renal failure cases
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Mannitol pulls the fluid into the intravascular space
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Which GI drug stimulates GI motility
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cisapride (propulsid)
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What is the drug of choice for tx seizures in cats
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Phenobarbitol
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4 types of anti-convulsanats
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1. primidone
2. phenobarbitol 3. dilantin 4. Soduim Bromide |
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Which anti-seizure is contraindicated in cats
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primadone - cats have trouble metabolizing barbiturates
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Define seizure
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irregular electrical impulse in the brain
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Concept of anti-seizure therapy
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Start low until reach control
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Most CNS drugs work by_______or ______ the effects of neurotransmitters
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interrupting the generation or conduction of nerve impulses
interferring with |
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How does dilantin work
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1. prohibits the spread of abnormal electrical activity but depressoing
2. Prohibits arcing btwn hemis - good for generalized seizures NOT FOR CATS |
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How does phenobarbital work
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1. sedative for excited
2. anti-seizure for epileptic type seizures |
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how does primadone work
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elevates seizure threshold so a stronger electrical impulse is needed to cause a seizure
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4 maintenance anti-convulsant drugs
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1. primidone
2. phenobarbitl 3. Dilantin 4. Sodium Bromide |
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When to use Sodium Bromide
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adjunct to phenobarbital or primidone therapy
Monitor for vomiting and ataxiz(trouble walking) |
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Side Effects of anti-seizure drugs
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1. drowsiness
2. CNS depression 3. anxiety 4. agitatin 5. pu/pd 6. hepatotoxicity - Primidone & phenobarbitol |
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What class of drugs is contraindicated in seizure patients
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phenothiazines (Ace, chlorpromazine
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2 purposes for hormone therapy
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1. correct deficiency
2. obtain desired effect |
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When to use oxytocin
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1."milk let down"
2.stimulate uterine contractionsie. induce labor or expel retained placenta 3. Birds - expel bound eggs |
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What is the diff btwn exogenous & endogenmous
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exogenous are administered
endogenouse are naturally produced by body |
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Medical uses of estrogen
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1.control urinary incontinence
2. induce abortion |
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Use of testosterone
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1. control urinary incontinency
2. TX false pregnancy 3. Large animals - improve libido & fertility (esp stallions 4. control estrus in female dogs |
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Ex of androgens
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1. testosterone
2. anabolic steriods |
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Use of anabolic steriods in vet
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2. increase muscle mass
3. stimulate appetite - 4. Boost racinganimals |
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Example of controlled anabolic steriod
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Winstrol - V
Class IV |
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Pituitary hormones for reproduction
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1. FSH - follicle stimulating
2. LH - lutenizing stimulates ovulation 3. oxytocin - milk letdown |
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Where are progestins naturally produced
Name 2: |
corpus luteum.
1. Ovaban 2. Depo-Medrol |
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Uses of MPA
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medroxyprogesterone acetate "Depo-Medrol"
1.tx male behavior problems 2.suppress estrus in D&C 3. Tx Derm. conditions 3. |
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Uses of megesterol acetate
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aka Ovaban
1. control estrus 2. prevent vaginal hyperplasia 3.control unacceptable male behavior 4. tx dermatoses |
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Adverse side effects of estrogen therapy
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1. temporary endometriosis which could lead to pyometra
2. Anemia 3. bone marrow suppression 4. cystic ovaries 5 |
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2 examples of estrogens
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1. DES oral
2. ECP injecxtion |
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Uses for progesterone
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1. dog birth control
2. alleviate false preg 3. tx some dermatitis 4. inhibit spraying of cats 5. reduces territorial aggression in birds |
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What is the common thyroid dz in dogs
In cats |
D- hypothyroidism
c- hyperthyroidism |
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Medical uses for thyroid therapy
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1. replacement for inadequate thyrosin (T4) production
2. tx dermatoses |
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Clinical considerations of thyroid therapy
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1. Assess thyroid fct w/ blood test
2. lifelong therapy 3. most common in older dogs |
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Examples of Levothyroxine (oral)
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1. Soloxine
2. synthroid |
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Uses of insulin
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1. tx diabetes melitus
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Where is insulin naturally produced in teh body
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Pancreas to decrease blood glucose levels by facilitating cellular uptake & storage of blood glucose
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How are insulins catagorized
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Duration of action:
Short Intermediate Long |
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Examples of short acting insulin
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1. Regular insulin
2. semilente |
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Examples of intermediate acting insulin
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1. NPH (isophane)
2. Lente |
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Examples of long acting insulin
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1. PZI -protamine zinc insulin
2. ultra lente |
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A chronotropic agent affects what
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rate of contraction
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A inotropic agent affects what
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force of contraction
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Which type of drugs affect positive inotrophic activity
& what is their primary use |
Cardiac glycoside (digitalis)
control congestive heart failure |
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Examples of cardiac glycoside (digitalis
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1. digoxin
2. digitoxin |
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Define congestive heart failure
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condition of an enlaarged heart w/ poor myocardium contractibility
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Prostaglandins may not be used effectively to
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Induce partrtion
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Action of cardiac glycosides
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Positive inotrophic - increase force of contraction & slow down the heart rate
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Side effects of dgitalis
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1. VOMITTING
2. Diarrhea 3. anorexia 4. depressin 5. Muscle weakness 6. diff ambulating 7. visual disturbances ADVANCED: 1. stupor 2. arrhthymias 3/ death |
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Uses for digitalis
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1. Tx CHF
2. Atrial fibrillatin 3. supravnetricular tachycardia |
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Concerns when using digitalis
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1. anticipate toxicity (foxglove
2. toxic to humans 3. metab. by liver & excreted by kidneya - so ck. those organs functions 4. Lots of drug interactions |
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Ex. of digoxin
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1. cardoxin
2. lanoxin |
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When is digitoxin most likely to be used
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Emergency only
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What happens during right sided heart failure
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Blood backs up into the liver, then kidneys try to conserve fluid
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Drug interactions w/ digitalis
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1. drugs reducing the effectiveness of by enhancing excretion
1. Butyl hyocine 2. reglan 3. tagament 4. diazepam Drugs that increase dig. toxicity: 1. Antibiotics 2. amninoglycosides (neomycin 3. Tetracyclin 4. Sulfa drugs 5. Antiacids 6.anti-diarrhea - kayoline, pectolyn |
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Classes of anti-arrhythmia drugs
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Class 1A- depress myocardial excitability (ex. quinidine & procainamide)
Class1B -decrease cell automaticity (lidocaine) Class II- betablockers (propranolol) ClassIv - Ca channel blockers (diltiazem, verapamil |
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Adverse side effects of anti-arrhythmics
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1. Hi risk patient messing . strong drugs
2. Allergic reaction 3.V&D to constipation 4. Dry mouth 5.incoordination & Other CNS (aka ataxia 6.atrial or ventricular standstill 7. acute & cumulative toxcities |
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What do Class 1A anti-arryth do
Examples |
Depress myocardial excitability
(slow down the heart rate) 1. quinidine - ventricular arrythmias, ventricular tachycardia, atrial fib. 2. procainamide - PVC, ventricular tachyc & some atrial tachycardia |
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How do Class 1B anti-arryth work
Examples |
Decrease cell automaticity by blocking Na into cells to prevent depolaarization
Lidocaine allows the cells to relax so it can repolarize Mostly for ventricular tachy & control PVC |
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What concern might the vet have when using lidocaine in cats
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Potentially sensitive to CNS effects - MONITOR
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When might you use lidocaine w/ epinephrine
when not? |
1. as local anesthesia ONLY - constrict vessesls to slow bleeding & keep lidocaine the the area
NO EPI WITH HEART PROBLEMS - predisposes heart to arrythmias |
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Action of Class II anti-arrhy
Example: |
beta-blockers, reduce automaticity by blocking receptor sites for electrical impulses
Slow down HR & BP & decrease cardiac output Ex: Propranolog "Inderal" |
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Uses of Class II anti-arrythmia
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1. hypertension
2. venricular or atrial arryth. 3. cats w/ systemic hypertension & hyperthyroidism |
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Who should NOT take Class II beta-blockers
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NOT for CHF
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Uses for propranolol
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1. hypertrophic cardiomyopathy,
2. various atrial & ventricular arrhyth, 3.cats - hypertension & hyperthyroidism |
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Function of Class IV anti-arr
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Ca channel blockers which depresses contractibility & reduces automaticity
IE slows the rate of contraction |
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What makes the heart contract & relax
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flow of ions
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Uses of Class IV anti-arr
Examples of Class IV anti-arr |
1. tachycardia- esp ventricular
2. atrial fib in large dogs Cardizem, Verapamil |
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When to use catecholamines
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1. short term management of severe heart failure or anaphylaxis
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Examples of catecholamines
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1. epi
2,dopamine { Emergency 3.dobutamine { **doxapram - respiratory stimulant gives you time to deal with |
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Uses for epinephrine
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1. anaphylaxix
2. cardiac resusciation 3. asthma NOT FOR CHRONIC HEART FAILURE b/c increases workload of heart, thus increasing chances for arrhythmias |
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Emergency catecholamine drugs
& how do they work Limitations |
1. dopamine
2. dobutamine 1.Increase rate & force of contraction 2. Increase BP Ltd to heart failure asso. w/ anesthetic emervencies or cardiac resus. |
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# types of diurectics
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1. loop
2. osmotic 3. inhibit resorption of Na in Henle's loop - mainly maintenance |
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3 examples of diurectics
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1.Furosemide (lasix) "loop"
2.Thiazides (Diuril) - more sustained eft than lasix but less dramatic 3.Mannitol- osmotic |
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When to use a loop diuretic
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Furosemide -
1.increases urine excretion 2. increases renal bloodflow to increase filtratin& output A. relief of cardiac & pulmonary edema |
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When to use thiazides
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Diuril - for maintenance
Use lasix to deal with large accumulations then switch for more maintenance |
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How does mannitol work
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"osmotic" limits tubular resorption of H2O by exerting hi osmotic pressure on kidney tubules
Drasm fluid out of extracellular space into blood & out of system 1. head trauma 2. interocular pressures 3.cerebral edema 4. acute oliguric renal failure |
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How do vasodilators work
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open constricted blood vessels in tx of CHF
dilate arteries,veins, or both |
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Ex of vasodilators
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1. hydralazine
2. nitroglycerine ointment 3. ACE Inhibitors(Angiotension Converting Enzyes |
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Action of ACE Inhibitors
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Blocks ACE from converting angiotension1 to angiotension II so less vaso constriction & more vessel dilation increasing blood flow
ACE is the enzyme that converts |
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ACE Inhibitors are used in cases of
Examples |
CHF
Enacard, captopril |
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Side effects of ACE inhibitors
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1. lethargy
2. ex intolerance 3. hypotension 4. azotemia (nitro uremia) |
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Most common side effects of drugs that cause vaso-dilation
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BP drops resulting in hypotension
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Most common diuretic drug for CHF
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furosemide
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