Smw

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theory=

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set of ideas that explain facts, make predictions about new facts

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randomness

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humans see patterns where there is only randomness. humans try to make sense of random stats

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regression to the mean

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when things are at their extremes, they are likely to settle back down to the middle

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heuristic method

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the idea that people base judgements on the ease with which examples come to mind

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anecdotal

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one person's experience

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what does scientific method do?

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makes sure nature hasn't misled you into thinking you know something you actually don't know

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conformity

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people sway to go towards the sides people like them to go to

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statistical significance

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percent chance that what we have is actually there and not random

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independent variable

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the controlled factor in an experiment

(what the experimenter controls)

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a study found that hair length and grades were related such that people with longer hair had higher scores than those with short hair

which type of study is this?

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correlational

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in the familiar computer analogy of cognitive psychology it is thought to be possible to understand informatino processing without understanding the:

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hardware

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dips or folds in the brain

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sulcus/sulci

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which structure in the limbic system has been implicated most in the detection of fearful stimuli?

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amygdala

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monism

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mind and body are composed of the same substance

neuroscientists follow this

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dualism

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(Decartes believed in it)

means the body is material but the mind is nonphysical

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two clues that distinguish science from pseudoscience

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if they make illogical leaps to answers

use of the word toxin

if they try to sell you something

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helped to show that neural conduction is biological in nature

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galvani
helmholts

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one piece of evidence that supports the localization view

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phineas gage- a pole went through his temporal lobe, which changed the human things about him

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the % of the variation in a charcteristic that can be attributed to genetic factors

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heritability

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considered to be an invasive imaging technique

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PET

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what does a direct measure of neural activity?

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fMRI

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developed in the early 1990's

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fMRI

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the idea that the brain operates like a computer is known as

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information processing model

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Prefrontal cortex

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executive functions- planning ahead, being able to monitor your own performance.

(phineas gage- took a polo to the prefrontal cortex and lost his emotional control after it)

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Broca's Area

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where your mind forms the words you want to say- usually on the left side

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Movement

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primary motor strip- left side of brain controls right side of body, vice versa

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Parietal Lobes

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spacial skills, body senses

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Spacial Skills

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being able to catch a ball, visualizing where it is in front of you

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Body Senses (parietal lobe)

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all except smell happen here, if you touch something on the right side of your body your brain is taking it in the left parietal lobe

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job of Parietal Association areas

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combine info from body senses and vision.
identify objects by touch, be able to locate where your limbs are on your body

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Damage to the posterior parietal cortex causes

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neglect of people and objects on the opposite side of the body

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temporal lobes

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connect to the limbic system/hippocampus.
where your hearing information comes in.
wernicke's area- left side for most of us, it is our language center

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occipital lobes

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controls what you see

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phrenology

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idea of extreme localization

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equipotentiality

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any two events can be learned associatively with equal ease

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nature and nurture

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whether humans develop because of what happens in their lives or if they are born that way

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structure of neurons

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axons carry electrical signals away from cell body.

dendrites receive electrical signals and chemical signals from synaptic cleft

consist of cell body, axon, and dendrites

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electrical signaling

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change in electrical properties

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chemical signaling

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action potential reaches the axon terminal- electrical signal initiates a sequence of events- release of neurotransmitters into the synapse

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longitudinal fissure

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separates 2 hemispheres

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4 lobes of the brain

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frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal

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ventricles

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four hollow interconnected spaces located in the brain

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neurologists have a degree in

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science

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confirmation bias

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the tendency for people to favor information they receive if it goes along with prior beliefs or a hypothesis created. don't make hypothesis

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gyrus

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convolution of the cortex of the cerebral hempispheres, separated by sulci or fissures

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differences between science and common sense

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science is based on: knowledge of facts, developing theories, testing hypotheses

common sense tell us about the world, common sense can be inconsistent and based on hindsight

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fissure

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major groove in the surface of the brain, larger than a sulcus

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placebo

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when you give a group of people a pill that has no medicine in it and one group a pill that has medicine. you tell both that they have medicine. the placebo is that the group with the pill with no medicine might still improve because their brain thinks that the pill has medicine

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correlation study

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cannot show causation, may be an unmeasured common factor.
finds relationships. examines relations between categories

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descriptive study

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describes set of facts, doesn't look for relationships between facts, only wants descriptions.

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experiment study

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direct way to test a hypothesis about a cause-effect relationship between factors

factors are called variables

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steps in scientific method

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1. start with a theory
2. make hypothesis
3. set up a test situation and test the hypothesis
4. analyze data, draw conclusion
5. publish results in peer-reviewed scientific journal