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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the "Schwann cells" of the CNS?
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Oligodendrocytes make up the myelin sheaths
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What cells nourish neurons and clean up synapses?
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Astrocytes are the supportive cells
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What are the two 'leaky' areas of the BBB?
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The choroid plexus and the area postrema (vomit centre)
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What is the path of the neospinothalamic tract?
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Synapse in the DRG, crossing the ventral white commisure, ascending/synapsing to ventral posterior (VP) nucleus of the thalamus, then through the internal capsule to the primary sensory cortex
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What is the path of the dorsal column tract?
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From DRG through cuneate/gracile tracts to respective nuclei, sensory decussation through medial lemniscus to VP of thalamus, then somatosensory cortex
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Posture is controlled by what two spinal tracts? Do they exert their effects contra or ipsilaterally?
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Reticulospinal tract (BRF down) and vestibular tract (vestibular nuclei down). Both project ipsilaterally.
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Skilled movement is controlled by what tracts?
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Corticospinal and rubrospinal tracts
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On the Reflex Grading Scale, what is the highest score you can get, and is it pathological or normal?
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The highest score you can get is 5, which is for 'sustained clonus'. 0 means 'reflex absent'
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What neurotransmitter is released at the efferent synapses in sympathetic chain of ganglia?
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Acetylcholine
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What are the nuclei of the Brainstem Reticular Formation and what do they release?
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Raphe nuclei (serotonin); Ventro-Tegmental Area (Dopamine); Locus coeruleus (Noradrenalin); BRF Ach groups (acetylcholine)
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Which neurotransmitters from the BRF control perception of pain?
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Serotonin and acetylcholine
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Which neurotransmitter is thought to be responsible for dreams?
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Acetylcholine
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Which BRF nuclei does not have descending projections?
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Ventral tegmental area (VTA)
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Lesion to the vestibular nuclei will result in what symptoms?
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Vertigo, nausea/vomiting, nystagmus, ataxia
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What nucleus receives 'taste'?
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Solitary Tract nucleus (rostral portion)
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Nuclei for salivation?
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Superior and Inferior salivary nuclei
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Nuclei for motor of pharynx and larynx?
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Nucleus Ambiguus
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If one sees tactile loss ipsilaterally in the head and contralaterally in the body, what part of the brainstem is the lesion?
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The lesion would be in the pons (not the medulla, as would be seen if checkerboard pattern with pain/temp)
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Is Bell's palsy an UMN or LMN lesion? What area of the face is affected?
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Bells palsy is a lower motor neuron lesion, affecting the upper and lower face of the contralateral side
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What is the primary barrier of the blood brain barrier?
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Endothelial cells, and their tight junctions
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What is the glucose transporter of the BBB, and what disease is it decreased in?
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GLUT-1, and it is decreased in Alzheimer's Disease
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What lobe of the cerebellum would result in titubations with a lesion?
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The vestibulocerebellum, which communicates with the vestibular nuclei/apparatus about neck and eye movements
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What lobe of the cerebellum is affected most often in alcoholics?
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The spinocerebellum, which controls posture and limb movement
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Dysdiadochokinesia is indicative of a lesion to where?
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To the cerebrocerebellum
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What are the two outputs from the basal ganglia?
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To the pedunculopontine nucleus, and to the spinal cord directly
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What is the net deficit in the basal ganglia, seen in Parkinsons?
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Overactive inhibition of the thalamus, due to decreased DA release from the SNr
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Epidural space is formed between what layers of the meninges?
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Between the two layers of the dura mater: endosteal and meningeal
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How does CSF exit the ventricle system of the brain?
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Via the foramen of Luschka and Magendia
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The inferior olivary nucleus relays information between which two structures?
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Between the red nucleus and the cerebellum (involved in the learning of new motors skills)
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Motor and sensory decussations take place at what level of the brainstem?
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Both take place at the level of the closed medulla
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What important tract travels through the cerebral peduncles?
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Corticospinal tract
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Spinolemniscus tract refers to what tract, as it passes through the pons?
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Spinothalamic tract
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What are the three arteries serving the open medulla?
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Anterior spinal, vertebral, and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries
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Why are ischaemic strokes of the basilar artery commonly symmetrical?
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It lies in the middle and serves both sides of the pons!
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What is the most common brainstem stroke (name and artery)?
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Wallenberg syndrome, which arises from PICA
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What nuclei receives proprioceptive information about mastication?
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Vmes
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What cranial nerve is commonly compressed against clivus?
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CN VI
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Why is a hypoglossal nerve palsy often bilateral?
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The nuclei lay close to the midline
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Ventral Anterior nucleus of the thalamus relays from where to where?
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From the cerebellum to the motor cortex
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Which nucleus of the thalamus communicates between the PFC and the amygdala?
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The medial nucleus (pain processing, personality, attention, etc)
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The anterior nucleus of the thalamus relays from which structure to which?
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From the mamillary bodies to the cingulate cortex
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Pulvinar nucleus communicates with which parts of the cortex?
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The parietal and visual cortices (and superior colliculus). Lesions result in visuospatial dysfunction
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The 'epithalamus' refers to what collection of structures?
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Pineal gland, habenula, stria medullaris thalami
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What disorder is the habenulla thought to be damaged in?
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Schizophrenia
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Cingulate gyrus, hippocampal formation and amygdala are part of what system?
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The limbic system
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Emotional blunting, inappropriate sexual behaviours and visual agnosia are characteristic of a lesion to what region of the limbic system?
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The amygdala
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The mamillary bodies receive information from what structure?
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The hippocampus (via the fornix)
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What lesion results in reduced pain response and altered social behaviour?
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The (anterior) cingulate cortex
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Where does the root of the peritoneal mesentery run from?
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From the duodenaljejunal junction to the ileocaecal junction
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How does the jejunum appear with barium contrast?
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Feathered, as opposed to the ileum, which is completely filled
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Where does food move faster, jejunum or ileum?
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Jejunum.
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Which has more fat in their 'arcades' of the mesentery?
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The ileum
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Where is Meckel's diverticulum located?
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Usually within 1 meter of the ileocoecal valve
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What are common locations of intussusception?
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Commonly in the terminal ileum and the colon
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Which is thicker, ileum or jejunum? (walls and diameter)
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The jejunum is thicker
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What structure are Peyer's patches found in?
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The ileum
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What is the capsule around the liver called?
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Capsule of Glisson
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What are the areas of the liver that are not covered by peritoneum?
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The Bare Area and the lesser omental attachment points
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What area, behind the liver, is commonly infected from extended periods of lying on ones back
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The Pouch of Morrison
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How many functional lobes are there to the liver? And anatomical segments?
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Two functional lobes (left and right) and eight segments
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What path does bile take to exit the liver?
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Left/Right hepatic duct -> Common hepatic duct -> Bile duct
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Why does the liver bleed so profusely if lacerated?
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In addition to being very well vascularised, venous walls are rigid and unable to constrict if necessary
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Where is McBurney's point and what is it used for?
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It is 1/3 of the way from ASIS to umbilicus, and used for locating the appendix
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What are the boundaries of Hesselbach's triangle, and what kind of hernia goes through here?
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Rectus abdominus, lateral umbilical fold (inferior epigastric arteries), inguinal ligament. Direct hernias commonly permeate this region
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The deep inguinal ring is made by an opening in which structure?
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Transversalis fascia
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The superficial inguinal ring is made by opening through?
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The conjoint tendon (medial and lateral crus)
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