Smith Organisms 7-19

Front 1

Cox 1

Back 1

Cytochrome C Oxidase

Enzyme, large complex subunit, involved in ETC (respiratory)

Front 2

Cox 1 Human

Back 2

Mitochondrial genome

Circular, intact, polyploid

Polycistronic transcript

Front 3

Cox 1 Mushroom

Back 3

Longer gene- 19 introns, 20 axons

Spliced transcript is similar to humans

Front 4

Cox 1 in Diplomena

Back 4

Fragmented over 9 different chromosomes

-Each fragment is transcribed separately and assembles to provide intact transcript.

Transcribed, assembled, translated

Ex of Trans-splicing

Front 5

Introns in mitochondrial genomes

Back 5

Self splice- Intronic regions fold up into structures similar to rRNA and act like an enzyme to cut themselves out.

Front 6

Trans-splicing

Back 6

Exons located in distant regions of the chromosome or even on different chromosomes are transcribed separately and post transcriptionally join together

Front 7

Cox 1 Perkinsus

Back 7

Oyster Parasite

Frameshift mutation in the coding region

Persist during transcription, present in mRNA

Fixed by ribosomal slippage in translation

Frameshift mutations occur at specific motifs, when the ribosome hits the moth it spurs the shift in reading frame

Front 8

Cox 1 Magnusiomyces Capitatus

Back 8

Yeast - "jumping" Ribosome

Gaps in coding sequence which ARE NOT INTRONS

The non coding information stays in the transcript, it is not spliced out

Ribosome leaps over the non coding region in translation

Small stem loop forms which thrusts ribosome over non coding

Front 9

Cox 1 Dictyostelium Discoideum

Back 9

Amoeba

Two separate fragments: Cox 1-a and Cox 1-b

Each fragment is transcribed and translated separately IN DIFFERENT COMPARTMENTS, have their own start and stop codes, technically separate genes

Cox 1-a = Mitochondria

Cox 1-b = Nucleus- targeted back to mitochondria for function

Likely half of endosymbiotic gene transfer

Front 10

Selaginella

Back 10

Plant that rejuvenates

Uses standard code

(1) Introns with genes in them

Gene A has intron containing Gene B

Gene A must produce a very LONG transcript and self splice prior to translation.

Gene B (inside the intron) transcribes and translates in a relatively normal fashion

(2) RNA editing in mitochondrial genome

Many Cytosines edited to Uracils (C->U)

COX 1: 200 of C's are U's

Front 11

Euglena

Back 11

(1) Twintron containing

(2) Mass production of rRNA

Circular chromosome in nucleus encodes rRNA. Polyploid, about 600 minicircles

Contains transcript for large and small subunits: Large is fragmented into 14 pieces which transcribe and join together via base pairing

Small is translated and transcribed as 1 continuous piece.

Front 12

Plasmodium

Back 12

rRNA goes are fragmented into 27 pieces.

Scrambled amongst the mitochondrial genome, transcribed in different regions and even on different strands

Long transcripts are made, pieces of rRNA are processed out and find their partners through secondary base pairing

THERE IS NO COVALENTLY CLOSED STRUCTURE.

Front 13

Trypanosomes

Back 13

(1) Spliced Leader trans-splicing

monocistronic 5' caps invade polycistronic regions

(hot dogs and string sausages)

(2) Mini and Maxi circles, chainmail, mini act as gRNA (guide RNA)

(3) RNA editing: Extreme insertion and deletion of Uracil from each gene via gRNA

Front 14

Diplonema

Back 14

(1) Non-standard mitochondrial and nucleus genome (2 different codes)

(2) Transplicing Cox 1

(3) RNA editing in mito genome: rRNA fragments on two chromosomes

One fragment geta poly A tail, one gets poly U tail. Poly U tail becomes part of the sequence

25 U's inserted

Front 15

Oxytricha

Back 15

(1) Two distinct Nuclear genomes

MAC- somatic, active, controls proteins in daily function. Macronucleus

-thousands of linear chromosomes with only one gene, hundreds of copies = extreme fragmentation, extreme polyploidy

-organized genes

MIC- germline, silent, controls sexual reproduction Micronucleus

- Large chromosomes with non coding DNA, axons are scrambled, different locations and strands. Haploid b/c germline

In replication:

(1) MIC replicates

(2) MAC degrades

(3) MIC (1) becomes MAC - required undergo extreme polyploidy and fragmentation

Front 16

Mycoplasma

Back 16

Smallest # genes (living

Front 17

Paramecium

Back 17

Largest # genes (living)

Front 18

Virus

Back 18

11 genes (non-living)

Front 19

Ecoli

Back 19

Methylation: Uses methylation (addition of methyl group to C' s usually beside G'd 5'CpG3'

Front 20

Code used in Mitochondrial Genome of Vertebrates

Back 20

Non-standard

Front 21

Code used in Mitochondrial Genome of Invertebrates

Back 21

Non-Standard

Ex C Elegans, starfish

Front 22

Code used in Chloroplast Genome of Dinoflagellate

Back 22

Non-Standard

Only one codon change

Front 23

Code used in Mitochondrial Genome of Yeast

Back 23

Non Standard

Missing codons and codon changing

Front 24

Code used in Nuclear and Mitochondrial Genome of Diplonema

Back 24

Both non-standard, different codes

Front 25

Splice-Leader Trans-Splicing

Back 25

Rare process

Transcribed monocistronic units encode 5' caps which cleave transcribed polycistronic caps

The caps attach to the front of each gene in the trans-splicing reaction and each gene becomes a mature mRNA

Hot dugs and buns

Front 26

Plant genome code type

Back 26

most likely standard code