Smith Anatomy Final

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

Science of the structure of the body

Front 2

Physiology

Back 2

Study of the function of the body

Front 3

Osteology

Back 3

Detailed study of the body of knowledge related to the bones of the body

Front 4

Sagittal Plane

Back 4

Divides the body into right & left segments

Front 5

Midsagittal Plane

Back 5

Divides the body into equal right & left halves

Front 6

Coronal Plane

Back 6

Divides the body into anterior & posterior segments

Front 7

Midcoronal Plane

Back 7

Divides the body into equal anterior & posterior halves; also called midaxillary plane

Front 8

Horizontal Plane

Back 8

Divides the body into superior & inferior parts; also called transverse, axial, or cross-sectional plane

Front 9

Oblique Plane

Back 9

Passes through the body at an angle between the other 3 planes

Front 10

Anterior (Ventral)

Back 10

Forward or front part of body or organ

Front 11

Posterior (Dorsal)

Back 11

Back part of body or organ

Front 12

Caudal

Back 12

Away from the head of the body

Front 13

Cephalic

Back 13

Toward the head of the body

Front 14

Superior

Back 14

Nearer the head or situated above

Front 15

Inferior

Back 15

Nearer the feet or situated below

Front 16

Central

Back 16

Midarea or main part of an organ

Front 17

Peripheral

Back 17

Parts at or near the surface, edge, or outside another body part

Front 18

Medial

Back 18

Toward the median plane of the body or toward the middle of another body part

Front 19

Lateral

Back 19

Parts away from the median plane of the body or away from the middle of another body part to the right or left

Front 20

Superficial

Back 20

Parts near the skin or surface

Front 21

Deep

Back 21

Parts far from the surface

Front 22

Distal

Back 22

Farthest from the point of attachment

Front 23

Proximal

Back 23

Parts nearer the point of attachment

Front 24

External

Back 24

Outside of an organ or the body

Front 25

Internal

Back 25

Within or on the inside of an organ

Front 26

Parietal

Back 26

Wall or lining of body cavity

Front 27

Visceral

Back 27

Covering of an organ

Front 28

Ipsilateral

Back 28

Part or parts on the same side of the body

Front 29

Contralateral

Back 29

Part or parts on the opposite side of the body

Front 30

Palmar

Back 30

Palm of hand

Front 31

Plantar

Back 31

Sole of foot

Front 32

Dorsum

Back 32

Top of anterior surface of foot or back of posterior surface of hand

Front 33

True Anatomic Position

Back 33

Facing forward, head up, heels together with toes facing forward, arms extended by the sides with the palms of the hands facing forward

Front 34

Two great cavities of the torso

Back 34

Thoracic & Abdominal

Front 35

Thoracic Cavity divided into what?

Back 35

Pericardial segment & 2 pleural portions

Front 36

Pelvic Cavity

Back 36

Lower portion of abdominal cavity.

Front 37

Thoracic Cavity contents

Back 37

*Pleural membranes

*Lungs

*Trachea

*Esophagus

*Pericardium

*Heart & Great Vessels

Front 38

Abdominal Cavity contents

Back 38

*Peritoneum

*Liver

*Gallbladder

*Pancreas

*Spleen

*Stomach

*Intestines

*Kidneys

*Ureters

*Major Blood Vessels

Front 39

Pelvic Portion (Cavity) contents

Back 39

*Rectum

*Bladder

*Part of Reproductive System

*Sigmoid Colon

Front 40

Integumentary System

Back 40

Protects organism from injury, disease, & infection; aids in regulation of temperature, excretion of wastes, & reception of senses;

ex: skin, hair, nails, duct glands

Front 41

Skeletal System

Back 41

Provides framework for body & works to protect & support body;

ex: bones, joints, cartilage, connective tissue

Front 42

Muscular System

Back 42

Provides for body movement & support;

ex: skeletal, smooth, & cardiac muscle

Front 43

Nervous System

Back 43

Coordinates body activities by receiving, interpreting, & conducting messages to all other systems of the body;

ex: brain, spinal cord

Front 44

Special Senses

Back 44

Function in receiving sensations such as sight, smell, hearing, & taste;

ex: eyes, ears, nose, taste buds

Front 45

Digestive System

Back 45

Receives, breaks down, & absorbs food substances & excretes waste products;

ex: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines

Front 46

Circulatory System

Back 46

Transports materials throughout the body by carrying oxygen & nutrients in the blood to all cells of body & carrying away waste products of cells;

ex: heart, blood vessels, blood

Front 47

Respiratory System

Back 47

Takes in oxygen from the air & gives off carbon dioxide;

ex: lungs, nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea

Front 48

Urinary System

Back 48

Serves in removing waste products from the blood & excreting waste as urine;

ex: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

Front 49

Reproductive System

Back 49

Involved with reproduction & childbirth;

ex: sex organs

Front 50

Endocrine System

Back 50

Serves to regulate various body functions through glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood to slow down or increase activity of cells;

ex: ductless glands such as thyroid & pituitary

Front 51

Immune System

Back 51

Provides protection against disease & infection;

ex: white blood cells, antibodies

Front 52

Body Habitus

Back 52

Variations in the shape of the body which determines size, shape, & position of organs

Front 53

Some organs can _____ in position as much as ______ inches.

Back 53

vary, 8

Front 54

4 types of body habitus

Back 54

Sthenic, hypersthenic, hyposthenic, asthenic

Front 55

Sthenic

Back 55

Average- 50%

Front 56

Asthenic

Back 56

Thin- 10%

Front 57

Hyposthenic

Back 57

35%

Front 58

Hypersthenic

Back 58

5%

Front 59

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

Back 59

*part of small intestine, including descending duodenum

*upper ascending colon

*most of liver

*gallbladder

*bile ducts

*head of pancreas

*right adrenal gland

*right kidney

*upper part of right ureter

Front 60

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

Back 60

*ascending part of duodenum

*upper descending colon

*left half of transverse colon

*spleen

*small part of liver

*left adrenal gland

*left kidney

*upper part of left ureter

*stomach

Front 61

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

Back 61

*lower ascending colon

*cecum

*appendix

*lower right ureter

*terminal ileum

*part of urinary bladder

*sex organs

Front 62

Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

Back 62

*lower descending colon

*small intestine (part of ileum)

*part of urinary bladder

*sex organs

Front 63

Respiratory System contents

Back 63

Pharynx, trachea, bronchi, 2 lungs

Front 64

Hilum

Back 64

Mediastinal surface of lung that accommodates bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, lymph vessels, & nerves

Front 65

Each lung is enclosed in a double-walled serous membrane sac called the _________.

Back 65

Pleura

Front 66

Visceral pleura

Back 66

Inner layer of pleura that adheres to surface of lung

Front 67

Parietal pleura

Back 67

Outer layer of pleura that lines wall of thoracic cavity & adheres to upper surface of diaphragm

Front 68

Pleural cavity

Back 68

Space between two pleural walls

Front 69

Oblique fissure

Back 69

Divides lungs into superior & inferior lobes

Front 70

Horizontal fissure

Back 70

Creates a right middle lobe

Front 71

Lingula

Back 71

Portion of left lung which corresponds to middle lobe of right lung (tongue-shaped process, fills space between chest wall & heart)

Front 72

Mediastinum structures

Back 72

*heart

*great vessels

*trachea

*esophagus

*thymus

*lymphatics

*nerves

*fibrous tissue

*fat

Front 73

Thymosin

Back 73

Hormone produces by thymus gland

Front 74

Trachea has ___-___ __________ cartilaginous rings.

Back 74

16-20, c-shaped

Front 75

Aspiration

Back 75

Inspiration of a foreign material into the airway

Front 76

Atelectasis

Back 76

Collapse of all or part of the lung

Front 77

Emphysema

Back 77

Destructive & obstructive airway changes leading to an increased volume of air in the lungs

Front 78

Hyaline membrane disease

Back 78

Underaeration of the lungs caused by lack of surfactant

Front 79

Pleural effusion

Back 79

Collection of fluid in the pleural cavity

Front 80

Pneumonia

Back 80

Acute infection in the lung parenchyma

Front 81

Pneumonia aspiration

Back 81

Pneumonia caused by aspiration of foreign particles

Front 82

Lobar pneumonia

Back 82

Pneumonia involving the alveoli of an entire lobe without involving the bronchi

Front 83

Pneumothorax

Back 83

Accumulation of air in the pleural cavity resulting in collapse of the lung

Front 84

Trachea lies in the midline of the body, _______ to the esophagus in the neck.

Back 84

anterior

Front 85

Trachea follows the curve of the vertebral column and extends from _____ to ______.

Back 85

C6 to T4-T5

Front 86

Bronchial Tree after Trachea

Back 86

*primary bronchi

*secondary bronchi

*tertiary bronchi

*bronchioles

*terminal bronchioles

Front 87

Walls of alveolar sacs are lined with _______.

Back 87

alveoli

Front 88

Each lung had millions of alveoli, where ______ and ______ ________ are exchanged.

Back 88

oxygen, carbon dioxide

Front 89

Parenchyma

Back 89

light, spongy, highly elastic substance the lungs are composed of

Front 90

Routine Chest

Back 90

Front 91

Routine Chest

Back 91

Front 92

Primary organs of digestive system.

Back 92

*mouth

*pharynx

*esophagus

*stomach

*small intestine

*large intestine

Front 93

Accessory organs of digestive system.

Back 93

*teeth

*tongue

*salivary glands

*pancreas

*liver

*gallbladder

Front 94

4 parts of stomach

Back 94

*cardia

*fundus

*body

*pyloric portion

Front 95

3 parts of small intestine

Back 95

*duodenum

*jejunum

*ileum

Front 96

4 parts of colon

Back 96

*ascending colon

*transverse colon

*descending colon

*sigmoid colon

Front 97

another name for right colic flexure

Back 97

hepatic flexure

Front 98

another name for left colic flexure

Back 98

splenic flexure

Front 99

5 bony positioning anatomical landmarks

Back 99

*xiphoid process

*costal margin

*iliac crest

*greater trochanters

*symphysis pubis

Front 100

Diaphragm located from ______ costal cartilage to level of _______ thoracic vertebrae.

Back 100

6-7, 9-10

Front 101

gallbladder high/lateral, stomach high/transverse

Back 101

hypersthenic

Front 102

gallbladder mid-RUQ, stomach J-shaped & inferior

Back 102

sthenic

Front 103

gallbladder very low/medial, stomach in pelvis & very long

Back 103

asthenic

Front 104

types of abdominal pathology

Back 104

*visceral rupture

*intestinal obstruction

*intestinal perforation

*free air due to post trauma/surgery

Front 105

peritoneum

Back 105

double walled serous membrane

Front 106

parietal peritoneum

Back 106

outer layer that adheres to abdominal wall

Front 107

visceral peritoneum

Back 107

inner layer that adheres to organs

Front 108

peritoneal cavity

Back 108

space between two layers of peritoneum

Front 109

mesentary

Back 109

double fold of visceral peritoneum connecting posterior abdominal wall to an organ

Front 110

omentum

Back 110

double fold of visceral peritoneum extending from stomach to another organ; layer of insulation

Front 111

retroperitoneal structures (BEHIND peritoneum)

Back 111

*kidneys

*ureters

*adrenal glands

*pancreas

*duodenum

*large blood vessels

Front 112

Supine Abdomen (KUB)

Back 112

Front 113

Upright Abdomen

Back 113

Front 114

abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)

Back 114

localized dilation of abdominal aorta

Front 115

ascites

Back 115

fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity

Front 116

bowel obstruction

Back 116

blockage of bowel lumen

Front 117

ileus

Back 117

failure of bowel peristalsis

Front 118

metastasis

Back 118

transfer of a cancerous lesion from one area to another

Front 119

pneumoperitoneum

Back 119

presence of air in peritoneal cavity

Front 120

tumor

Back 120

new tissue growth where cell proliferation is uncontrolled

Front 121

pharynx

Back 121

passage for air & food

Front 122

oropharynx

Back 122

extends from soft palate to hyoid

Front 123

larynx

Back 123

organ of voice

Front 124

epiglottis

Back 124

above the laryngeal entrance, trap to prevent leakage into larynx between acts of swallowing

Front 125

thyroid cartilage

Back 125

forms laryngeal prominence, adams apple

Front 126

4 parts of pancreas

Back 126

*head

*neck

*body

*tail

Front 127

Exocrine gland produces what?

Back 127

pancreatic juices

Front 128

Endocrine gland produces what hormones?

Back 128

insulin & glucagon

Front 129

What is the romance of the abdomen?

Back 129

pancreas head enclosed in C-loop of duodenum

Front 130

spleen functions

Back 130

produce lymphocytes & store and remove dead or dying RBC

Front 131

largest gland in body

Back 131

liver

Front 132

liver function

Back 132

produce bile

Front 133

falciform ligament

Back 133

divides liver into large right lobe and smaller left lobe

Front 134

biliary system ducts in order with sphincters

Back 134

*R & L hepatic ducts

*common hepatic duct

*cystic duct

*common bile duct

*hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of vater)

*sphincter of hepatopancreatic ampulla (sphincter of oddi)

Front 135

3 parts of gallbladder

Back 135

*neck

*body

*fundus

Front 136

What procedure?

Back 136

T-tube Cholangiogram

Front 137

Back 137

ERCP- Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-pancreatography

Front 138

Back 138

Front 139

Back 139

Front 140

2 parts Digestive System

Back 140

Accessory glands & alimentary canal

Front 141

4 layers of esophagus, stomach, and small intestine

Back 141

Fibrous, muscular, submucosal, mucosal

Front 142

3 parts of Esophagus

Back 142

Cervical, thoracic, & abdominal

Front 143

Esophagus originates at what level?

Back 143

C6

Front 144

Esophagus passes through diaphragm hiatus at ____. It joins the stomach at esophagogastric junction at level of _____ or xiphoid tip.

Back 144

T10, T11

Front 145

Esophagus joins the stomach at the the esophagogastric junction through opening termed ________ ________.

Back 145

cardiac orifice

Front 146

Muscles controlling cardiac orifice are called ______ _______.

Back 146

cardiac sphincter

Front 147

Opening between stomach and small intestine is the ________ _________.

Back 147

pyloric orifice

Front 148

Muscle controlling pyloric orifice

Back 148

pyloric sphincter

Front 149

The mucosa of the small intestine contains a series of fingerlike projections called ______, which help facilitate the process of digestion and absorption.

Back 149

villi

Front 150

Back 150

Front 151

Back 151

Front 152

Back 152

Front 153

Back 153

Front 154

Back 154

Front 155

Back 155

Front 156

Back 156

Front 157

Barrett esophagus

Back 157

Peptic ulcer of lower esophagus, often with stricture

Front 158

Cholelithiasis

Back 158

Presence of gallstones

Front 159

Diverticulum

Back 159

Pouch created by herniation of the mucous membrane through the muscular coat.

Front 160

Gastroesophageal Reflux

Back 160

Backward flow of stomach contents into the esophagus

Front 161

Ileus

Back 161

Failure of bowel peristalsis

Front 162

Inguinal hernia

Back 162

Protrusion of the bowel into the groin

Front 163

Intussusception

Back 163

Prolapse of a portion of the bowel into the lumen of an adjacent part

Front 164

Polyp

Back 164

Growth or mass protruding from a mucous membrane

Front 165

Pyloric stenosis

Back 165

Narrowing of pyloric canal causing obstruction

Front 166

Crohn disease

Back 166

Inflammatory bowel disease, most commonly involving the distal ileum

Front 167

Ulcer

Back 167

Depressed lesion on the surface of the alimentary canal

Front 168

Volvulus

Back 168

Twisting of a bowel loop on itself

Front 169

Zenker diverticulum

Back 169

Diverticulum located just above the cardiac portion of the stomach

Front 170

Back 170

Front 171

Back 171

Front 172

Back 172

Front 173

4 parts of large intestine

Back 173

*cecum

*colon

*rectum

*anal canal

Front 174

How long is the large intestine?

Back 174

5 ft

Front 175

True or false. The 4 layers of the large intestine are the same as the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine?

Back 175

True

Front 176

Taeniae Coli

Back 176

External bands of muscle that form 3 thickened bands

Front 177

Haustra

Back 177

Series of pouches created by bands pulling muscle tone

Front 178

Large intestine function

Back 178

Reabsorption of fluids & elimination of waste

Front 179

Back 179

Front 180

Back 180

Front 181

Back 181

Front 182

Back 182

Front 183

Urinary system contents

Back 183

*2 kidneys

*2 ureters

*1 urinary bladder

*1 urethra

Front 184

Adrenal glands part of which System?

Back 184

Endocrine System

Front 185

Adrenal glands function

Back 185

Furnish epinephrine & cortical hormones

Front 186

Kidney weight

Back 186

About 150 grams

Front 187

REN

Back 187

Latin term for kidney

Front 188

Collecting tubules in renal pyramids converge medially to form a central tubule that opens at a ______ _______.

Back 188

Renal papilla

Front 189

Ureteropelvic Junction (UPJ)

Back 189

Renal pelvis connects to ureter here

Front 190

Nephron

Back 190

Essential microscopic structural & functional unit of kidney

Front 191

Make urethra length

Back 191

7-8”

Front 192

Prostate

Back 192

Surrounds proximal part of male urethra

Front 193

Glomerulus

Back 193

Cluster of blood capillaries

Front 194

Glomerulus function

Back 194

Filter for blood

Front 195

Kidneys extend from level of ____ to _____.

Back 195

T12-L3

Front 196

Kidney functions

Back 196

*remove nitrogenous waste products

*maintain/regulate fluid/water balance

*maintain/regulate acid-base balance & electrolyte levels

*secrete substances that affect blood pressure

Front 197

How much urine is excreted per day?

Back 197

1-2 L

Front 198

Ureter location in reference to peritoneum

Back 198

Behind

Front 199

Ureter curves anterior & medially to enter the ___________ urinary bladder.

Back 199

posterolateral

Front 200

Ureterovesical Junction (UVJ)

Back 200

Junction of ureter and urinary bladder

Front 201

Mucosa of trigone is smooth and the remainder contain folds called _______.

Back 201

Rugae

Front 202

Approximately how much fluid does the urinary bladder hold?

Back 202

500 mL

Front 203

Female urethra length

Back 203

1 1/2”

Front 204

Front (Term)

Back 204

Back (Definition)

Front 205

Front (Term)

Back 205

Back (Definition)

Front 206

Front (Term)

Back 206

Back (Definition)

Front 207

Front (Term)

Back 207

Back (Definition)

Front 208

Front (Term)

Back 208

Back (Definition)

Front 209

How many bones are in the body?

Back 209

206

Front 210

Front (Term)

Back 210

Back (Definition)

Front 211

Front (Term)

Back 211

Back (Definition)

Front 212

How many bones are in the body?

Back 212

206

Front 213

Functions of bones

Back 213

*attachment for muscles

*basis for movement

*frame to support body

*storage for calcium, phosphorus, & other salts

*produce red & white blood cells

Front 214

Front (Term)

Back 214

Back (Definition)

Front 215

Front (Term)

Back 215

Back (Definition)

Front 216

How many bones are in the body?

Back 216

206

Front 217

Functions of bones

Back 217

*attachment for muscles

*basis for movement

*frame to support body

*storage for calcium, phosphorus, & other salts

*produce red & white blood cells

Front 218

Compact bone

Back 218

Strong, dense outer layer; made up of compact bony tissue

Front 219

Trabeculae

Back 219

Speculated network of interconnecting spaces in spongy bone

Front 220

Medullary cavity

Back 220

Central cavity in long bones

Front 221

Ossification

Back 221

Development & formation of bones

Front 222

Bones begin to develop in the ___________________.

Back 222

2nd month of embryonic life

Front 223

Two stages of ossification

Back 223

*intermembranous

*endochondral

Front 224

Intermembranous ossification produces _____ bones.

Back 224

Flat

Front 225

Endochondral ossification is where _______ bone formation begins.

Back 225

Long

Front 226

Once full ossification occurs, the ________ ________ becomes completely joined and becomes an _________ _________.

Back 226

Epiphyseal plate, epiphyseal line

Front 227

Classifications of bones by shape

Back 227

*long

*short

*flat

*irregular

*sesamoid

Front 228

Flat bones

Back 228

Two plates of compact bone

Front 229

Functional classification of joints

Back 229

*synarthroses- immovable

*amphiarthroses- slightly movable

*diarthroses- freely movable

Front 230

Fibrous joints

Back 230

3 types, virtually immovable

Front 231

Syndesmosis

Back 231

Immovable or slightly movable joint united by sheets of fibrous tissue

Front 232

Suture

Back 232

Immovable joint occurring only in the skull- held together by strong connective tissue

Front 233

Cartilaginous joints

Back 233

2 types, virtually immovable

Front 234

Symphysis

Back 234

Slightly movable bones separated by a pad of fibrocartilage

Front 235

Synchondrosis

Back 235

Immovable- rigid cartilage unite the bones

Front 236

Synovial joints

Back 236

6 types, freely movable

Front 237

Hinge

Back 237

Permits only flexion/extension

Front 238

Ellipsoid

Back 238

Permits movement in two directions at right angles to each other

Front 239

Nephrotosis

Back 239

Kidneys drop more than one lumbar vertebrae or any excessive downward displacement of kidneys

Front 240

Micturition

Back 240

Act of urinating

Front 241

Urination

Back 241

Act of voiding urine

Front 242

Extravasation

Back 242

Contrast leaking out of vein into tissue

Front 243

Vasovagal response

Back 243

Minor reaction response to fear; includes weakness, dizziness, sweating, and feeling faint

Front 244

Urticaria

Back 244

Hives

Front 245

Calculus

Back 245

Abnormal concretion of mineral salts, often called a stone

Front 246

Horseshoe kidney

Back 246

Fusion of kidneys, usually at lower poles

Front 247

Fistula

Back 247

Abnormal connection between two internal organs or between an organ and the body surface

Front 248

Ureterocele

Back 248

Ballooning of lower end of ureter into bladder

Front 249

axial bones- how many of each?

skull

a) cranial

b) facial

c) auditory ossiclesneck

d) hyoidthorax

e) sternum

f) ribsvertebral column

g) cervical

h) thoracic

i) lumbar

j) sacrum

k) coccyx

Back 249

a) 8

b) 14

c) 6

d) 1

e) 1

f) 24

g) 7

h) 12

i) 5

j) 1

k) 1

Front 250

appendicular bones- how many of each?

shoulder girdle

a) clavicles

b) scapulaeupper limbs

c) humeri

d) ulnae

e) radii

f) carpals

g) metacarpals

h) phalangeslower limbs

i) femora

j) tibias

k) fibulae

l) patellae

m) tarsals

n) metatarsals

o) phalangespelvic girdle

p) hip bones

Back 250

a) 2

b) 2

c) 2

d) 2

e) 2

f) 16

g) 10

h) 28

i) 2

j) 2

k) 2

l) 2

m) 14

n) 10

o) 28

p)2