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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 classes of dewormers used in sheep & goats?
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benzimidazoles (BZ): fenbendazole, albendazole
avermectins/milbemycins: ivermectin, eprinomectin, doramectin, moxidectin imidazothiazoles/ tetrahydropyrimidines: levamisole, pyrantel, morantel |
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What is the treatment for goats w/ clinical dz from Haemonchus contortus infection?
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use any effective dewormer
if animal is severely ill or drug resistance status of farm is unknown use Cydectin (cattle injectable form of moxidectin) if > 10% of animals are clinically ill -if returned to same pasture, frequent treatments may be needed to keep goats alive: 2-3 wk intervals -consider move to safe pasture, barn, or drylot |
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What are considerations when using the following dewormers for prevention/tx of Haemonchus contortus?
a. ivermectin b. albendazole |
a. ivermectin: least effective
-very high prevalence of resistance -DON’T use in southern US UNLESS 1st proven effective b. albendazole -high prevalence of resistance -withhold feed & re-dose for improved efficacy -don’t use in 1st 3 wks of pregnancy |
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What are considerations when using the following dewormers for prevention/tx of Haemonchus contortus?
a. levamisole b. moxidectin |
a. levamisole
-low prevalence of resistance b/c not used much -weigh goats before administering d/t possible toxicity -good choice for 1st line tx if resistance status unknown -don’t use in debilitated animals or in last 3 wks of pregnancy b. moxidectin -resistance becoming common where used frequently -if minimally used on farm, no resistance unless resistant worms were purchased -kills ivermectin resistant H. contortus: potency issue -tx of choice for severely clinically ill animals (bottle jaw) if no resistance -administer current products orally ONLY -cattle injectable (Cydectin) will be formulation of choice once available -minimize use to preserve efficacy |
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How can anthelmintic resistance in small ruminants be diagnosed?
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DrenchRite larval development assay: U. of Georgia
-only 1 test needed per farm: pooled fecal sample from 10-12 animals -all 3 major drug classes tested fecal egg count (FEC) reduction test (McMaster): labor intensive -animals divided into groups (10-15/group, balanced by sex & age) & treated as follows: -group 1: drug to be tested -group 2: no drug (negative control) -FEC determined 10-14 d. after tx -compare post tx mean FEC of control group to drug treated group |
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What are some methods of controlling anthelmintic resistance in small ruminants?
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smart drenching program
-know resistance status of herd or flock -sound pasture management: dec. stocking rates, use dilution strategies -keep resistant worms off farm: quarantine & aggressively deworm all new animals -administer proper dose: goats: 1.5-2x > cattle & sheep, give orally -utilize host physiology: restrict feed intake for 24 hrs prior to tx &/or repeat tx in 12 hrs perform only selective tx using FAMACHA &/or FEC -tx goats w/ highest 1/3 of FEC -following tx, >95% of eggs being shed by untreated goats: REFUGIA -more of pop'n in refugia, slower resistance develops |
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What are the most common species of nematodes that affect small ruminants?
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Haemonchus contortus
Ostertagia spp. Trichostrongylus spp. |
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What clinical signs are assoc. w/ nematode infection in small ruminants, & specifically w/ Hameonchus contortus infection?
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chronic poor doing, diarrhea, failure to thrive, death
H. contortus: anemia, hypoproteinemia (--> bottle jaw), chronic diarrhea, sudden death |
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coccidiosis
a. occurrence b. clinical signs c. dx |
a. most commonly a problem in young animals
-onset of clinical dz occurs w/ stress: change in diet, change in weather, parturition -generally a man made dz caused by overcrowding & unsanitary conditions b. diarrhea: mucus, watery, usually NOT bloody but may be -may be acute or chronic w/ wasting/stunting -fever, off feed, dehydration, weakness, rough hair coat -death in severe cases c. based on signs (diarrhea) AND presence of many oocysts on direct fecal exam or float -signs may precede appearance of oocysts in feces -interpretation of presence of oocysts in some animals difficult |
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coccidiosis
a. tx b. prevention |
a. sulfas, amprolium
-tx whole group to prevent spread -little value for affected individuals after showing signs -inhibit coccidial development: prophylaxis b. sulfas, amprolium, or other coccidiostats in feed or water -limit intake of sporulated oocysts by young: enough to produce immunity but not dz -prevent buildup of oocysts: avoid overcrowding |
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keratoconjunctivitis
a. etiology b. signs c. tx |
a. Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia
b. lacrimation, corneal cloudiness --> central opacity c. topical (tetracycline), parenteral (oxytet) Abs |
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contangious ecthyma
a. etiology b. lesions c. tx |
a. poxvirus
b. proliferative lesions (papules, vesicles, pustules) on lips, gums, teats, etc. c. none: usually self-limiting zoonotic |
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What are some cutaneous parasites of small ruminants?
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lice, Demodex, acariasis, ear mites
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scrapie
a. clinical signs b. identification program |
a. progressive fatal encephalitis of mature sheep (1-5 yo)
pruritis, inappropriate nervousness, or excitement, fine tremors, ataxia, progresses to wt. loss, blindness, abortion, extreme pruritis b. determine if animals need to be tagged obtain premise/flock number select approved ID system best for you set up record system: need to keep ID records for 5 yrs make sure any animal leaving operation has a tag make sure every breeding animal & sexually intact goat crossing state lines has a certificate of veterinary inspection (CVI) reportable dz |
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bluetongue
a. transmission b. signalment c. signs d. dx e. tx |
a. virus transmitted by midges of genus Culicoides
b. sheep c. vasculitis of several organ systems (fever, lameness, diarrhea, pneumonia, swelling of lips, muzzle & ears) d. serology e. supportive care |
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copper toxicosis
a. signalment b. signs c. dx d. tx |
a. sheep very sensitive to copper in diet, esp. young growing lambs
b. acute hemolytic crisis: usually fatal c. measure Cu levels in feed, blood, liver, kidney d. add ammonium molybdenate & sodium sulfate to feed or drench orally |
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listeriosis
a. etiology b. source of infection c. signs d. tx |
a. Listeria monocytogenes
b. spoiled silage or rotting hay c. acute meningoencephalitis, unilateral signs d. high doses of penicillin, tetracycline (must tx early for response) |
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caprine arthritis encephalitis virus
a. etiology b. 2 major forms c. transmission d. dx e. prevention |
a. lentivirus (retrovirus family)
b. polysynovitis/arthritis: most common -most common in adults: carpi most commonly affected leukoencephalomyelitis -affects kids 2-6 mo.: rear leg paresis --> paralysis of all limbs c. via colostrum/milk d. signs, necropsy, AGID, ELISA e. raise CAEV kids: pasteurize colostrum, use negative milk -kids may be tested at 6 mo. (after decline of maternal Ab) |
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contagious foot rot
a. etiology b. signs c. tx d. prevention |
a. Dichelobacter (Bacteroides) nodusus, 2º Fusobacterium necrophorum
b. lameness, redness & swelling in interdigital area, undermining of sole & wall, characteristic foul odor c. foot trimming, footbaths, ABs (penicillin, tetracycline), segregate affected animals, 10% zinc sulfate d. footbaths, vaccine (only used in special cases), cull animals still infected after repeated tx |
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polioencephalomalacia
a. pathogenesis b. signs c. tx |
a. CNS disorder d/t thiamine deficiency --> necrosis of cortical gray matter
-most common cause: ruminal thiamine consumption by bacterial thiaminases -usually affects grain fed animals b. anorexia, staggering, opisthotonus, star gazing, blindness, convulsions, head pressing, etc. c. thiamine IV repeatedly, supportive care |
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Q fever
a. etiology b. signs c. tx |
a. Coxiella burnetti
b. most infections are asymptomatic; may cause late abortion or delivery of weak offspring c. tetracycline zoonotic |
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toxoplasmosis
a. signs b. transmission |
a. major cause of abortion in sheep & goats
-no clinical illness in adults b. ingestion of oocysts from cat feces zoonotic |
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What are some miscellaneous causes of abortion in small ruminants?
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enzootic abortion, Campylobacter spp.
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What is the tx for small ruminant attacked by a dog?
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clean wounds, ABs, make sure Clostridial vaccine is current
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joint ill
a. pathogenesis b. dx c. tx |
a. complication/sequelae to infection by a variety of microorgs
-often a sequela to FPT b. clinical signs, rads, U/S, CBC, arthrocentesis/culture c. ABs, joint lavage, arthrotomy, etc. |
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chalmydial polyarthritis
a. etiology b. signalment c. clinical signs d. tx |
a. Chlamydia psittaci
b. sheep (primarily 1-8 mo.) primarily, also goats, & calves c. stiffness, shifting leg lameness, fever, etc. -may also cause keratoconjunctivitis: different strain causes enzootic abortion in ewes (EAE) d. tetracycline, macrolides |
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mycosplasmal arthritis
a. signalment b. transmission c. dx d. tx |
a. goats > sheep, more common in young animals
b. milk/colostrum c. culture on mycosplasmal media d. tetracyclines, macrolides (generally do not cure) -cull, segregate, isolate |
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Erysipelothrix arthritis
a. etiology b. signalment c. transmission d. signs e. tx |
a. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (insidiosa)
b. lambs c. after use of contaminated dip tank, docking, castration, etc. (organism in soil & manure) d. acute (or chronic) nonsuppurative arthritis, poor wt. gain e. penicillin (will respond if early in course) |
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Johne's dz
a. etiology b. signalment c. signs d. dx e. control |
a. Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis
b. signs most common at 2-5 yo c. wt. loss & emaciation w/o diarrhea (note difference from cattle) d. histopath (acid fast stains) of terminal ileum/ileocecal ln serology -ELISA: use only for herd level screening -seropositives must be confirmed w/ more specific test: cross reacts w/ CL -special cultures: sheep strains grow poorly -DNA probes e. remove affected animals from herd |
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abomasal emptying defect
a. signalment b. clinical signs c. dx |
a. black faced sheep (ex. Suffolk)
b. wt. loss, inappetance, abdominal distension c. ↑ rumen Cl, necropsy |
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quick pneumonia
a. etiology b. signs c. dx d. tx |
a. Manheimia haemolytica (A1: cattle, A2: sheep), Pasteurella spp.
b. septicemia, sudden death, fever in lambs c. necropsy (fibrinous pneumonia), C/S d. ABs: tx early based on fever |
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What is the tx for the following respiratory pathogens:
a. Chlamydia b. Mycoplasma |
a. tylosin or tetracycline
b. tetracycline or macrolides |
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viral pneumonia
a. etiology b. vaccination |
a. PI3 (pathogenicity uncertain), RSV, adenovirus
b. intranasal IBR-PI3 used in lambs: ½ cattle dose per nostril (IFN production) |
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OPPV
a. etiology b. closely related to... c. signalment d. signs |
a. retrovirus
b. CAEV (caprine arthritis encephalitis virus) c. 3-4 yo sheep d. coughing & dyspnea w/ exercise -also encephalitis, arthritis, mastitis at necropsy |
