Small Group Dynamics Midterm

Front 1

What are some ways to succeed in groups?

Back 1

listen effectively, understand your role, actively contribute, ask clear questions, establish professional rapport, communicate effectively, use language effectively, convey professional image, resolve group conflict, demonstrate leadership

Front 2

Define group communication

Back 2

interaction of three or more interdependent members working to achieve a common goal

Front 3

What are some components of group communictation?

Back 3

members, goals, interaction, working, interdependence

Front 4

What is interaction?

Back 4

group members use verbal and nonverbal messages to generate meanings and establish relationships, group communication requires interaction

Front 5

What does having a common goal do?

Back 5

separates successful from unsuccessful groups, guides action, helps set standards, helps resolve conflict, motivates members

Front 6

What is interdependence?

Back 6

each group member is affected and influenced by the actions of other members

Front 7

What is working?

Back 7

group members work together to achieve a common goal

Front 8

What are advantages of working in groups?

Back 8

group performance, member satisfaction, learning, cultural understanding, creativity, civic engagement

Front 9

What are some disadvantages of working in groups?

Back 9

time, energy, resources, conflict, people problems

Front 10

define members

Back 10

recognized and accepted as belonging to a group

Front 11

Define messages

Back 11

ideas, information, opinions, feelings

Front 12

Define channels

Back 12

media used to share messages

Front 13

Define feedback

Back 13

response or reaction to a message

Front 14

Define context

Back 14

physical and psychological environment

Front 15

Define noise

Back 15

anything that interferes with or inhibits communication

Front 16

What are some basic types of groups?

Back 16

primary groups, social groups, self help groups, learning groups, service groups, civic groups, work groups, public groups

Front 17

What are group dialectics?

Back 17

competing and contradictory components of group work, to balance take both/and approach rather than either/or approach

Front 18

What are some aspects of balancing group dialectics?

Back 18

individual to group goals, conflict to cohesion, conforming to nonconforming, task dimensions to social dimensions, homogeneous to heterogeneous, leadership to followership, structure to spontaneity, engaged to disengaged, open system to closed system

Front 19

What are the different group development stages?

Back 19

forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning

Front 20

What happens during the forming stage?

Back 20

members are socially cautious and polite, learn about tasks and test personal relationships, challenge: balancing individual and group goals

Front 21

define primary tension

Back 21

social unease that accompanies the getting acquainted process in groups

Front 22

How can primary tension be resolved?

Back 22

be positive and energetic, be patient and open minded, be prepared and informed

Front 23

What is the storming stage?

Back 23

members openly disagree on issues, members compete for status and roles, groups experience secondary tension, challenge: balancing conflict and cohesion

Front 24

What is secondary tension?

Back 24

frustration and personality conflicts experienced by group members as they compete for acceptance and achievement

Front 25

What is the norming stage?

Back 25

groups resolve primary and secondary tensions, groups develop norms or ground rules, challenge: balancing conformity and nonconformity

Front 26

What is the performing stage?

Back 26

group focuses on productivity and member satisfaction, group adapts and changes if necessary, challenge: balancing task and maintenance dimensions

Front 27

What is the adjourning stage?

Back 27

members may leave the group for personal or professional reasons, group disbands, some members may take on a new group task, challenge: balancing engagement and disengagement

Front 28

Describe effective group goals

Back 28

they are specific, challenging but realistic, accepted by group members, used to evaluate performance, linked to feedback and rewards, allow for member growth

Front 29

What are the different parts of setting goals?

Back 29

clarity, challenge, commitment, compatibility, cooperation, cost

Front 30

Define hidden agendas

Back 30

members' private goals conflict with the group's goals

Front 31

Define explicit norms

Back 31

put in writing or stated verbally, easy to recognize

Front 32

Define implicit norms

Back 32

rarely discussed or openly communicated, not as easy to recognize

Front 33

What is the difference between conformity and nonconformity?

Back 33

conformity: choosing something that is socially acceptable and favored

nonconformity: choosing something that does not meet expectations of the group

Front 34

What are the different types of nonconformity?

Back 34

constructive: violating norm while still supporting group and goals, destructive: violating norm that negatively impacts group and goal (may be accepted, confronted, or excluded)

Front 35

Define motivation

Back 35

reasons we are moved to do something, provides inspiration, incentives, and reasons for members to work together and achieve shared goal

Front 36

What are extrinsic and intrinsic rewards?

Back 36

extrinsic: come from external environment, intrinsic: anything satisfying and energizing in itself

Front 37

What are Thomas's intrinsic motivators?

Back 37

meaningfulness, choice, competence, progress

Front 38

What are Schutz's Theory of Interpersonal Needs?

Back 38

need for inclusion, control, and affection leads to fundamental interpersonal relationship orientation (FIRO)

Front 39

Name the group task roles?

Back 39

initiator, information seeker, coordinator, information giver, opinion seeker, opinion giver, clarifier-summarizer, implementer-completer, evaluator-critic, energizer, procecdural technician, recorder-secretary

Front 40

Name the group maintenance roles

Back 40

encourager-supporter, harmonizer, compromiser, tension releaser, gatekeeper, observer-interpreter, follower

Front 41

Name the self centered roles

Back 41

aggressor, blocker, dominator, recognition seeker, clown, deserter, self-confessor, help-seeker, special interest pleader

Front 42

What is communication apprehension?

Back 42

individual's level of fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with others

Front 43

What are some characteristics of high apprehensives?

Back 43

avoid participation, talk less often, agree with others, smile or giggle inappropriately, fidget, use awkward filler phrases, have difficulty following discussion

Front 44

What are some characteristics of low apprehensives?

Back 44

initiate discussion, speak more often, assert themselves, more likely to become leaders, choose when to speak or to be silent, appear confident, dominates discussion sometimes

Front 45

How do you provide constructive feedback?

Back 45

focus on behavior not person, describe rather than judge behavior, provide observations than opinions, choose appropriate time and place, give feedback to help others instead of helping yourself

Front 46

Describe assertiveness

Back 46

speaking up and acting in your own best interests without denying the rights and interests of others

Front 47

Describe passive members

Back 47

often lack confidence, are reluctant to express opinions and feelings, fear criticism, usually do what they are told

Front 48

Describe aggressive members

Back 48

act in own self interest at expense of others, critical, insensitive, combative, abusive

Front 49

Describe passive aggressive members

Back 49

mask aggression by appearing passive or cooperative, rarely exhibit aggressive behavior, don't respect rights of others, often get what they want by undermining others and deceiving others

Front 50

What is the difference between a leader and leadership?

Back 50

leader is a person, leadership is a behavior, its all about the ability to make strategic decisions and use communication effectively to mobilize group members toward achieving a common goal

Front 51

What are the two ways to become a leader?

Back 51

designated: selected by group members or by outside authority, emergent: gradually achieve leadership by interacting with members and contributing to achievement of group

Front 52

What are the different types of position power?

Back 52

legitimate: relies on job title, reward: controls and gives out resources, coercive: controls and deals out sanctions and punishments, informational: controls and transmits info and resources

Front 53

What are the different types of personal power?

Back 53

expert: expertise and credentials, referent: members high opinions and experiences with leader, persuasive: effective communication skills, charismatic: character, competence and vitality

Front 54

What are the different leadership theories?

Back 54

trait, styles, situational, functional

Front 55

Describe trait theory

Back 55

leaders are born, identifies characteristics and behaviors of effective leaders, traits: self confidence, humility, trustworthiness, tolerance of frustration

Front 56

Describe Styles theory

Back 56

democratic leaders are best, autocratic leaders are more effective in crisis, laissez-faire leaders may succeed in mature and productive groups

Front 57

Describe situational theory

Back 57

leadership occurs when there is ideal match between leader style and group work situation, adapts to level of member readiness, leaders are made not born

Front 58

what are some implications of contingency model?

Back 58

change situation to leadership style rather than change leadership style, need to gain group trust and support, modify amount or type of power you have and structure of task

Front 59

What is Hersey-Blanchard's situational leadership model?

Back 59

leaders adapt their leadership style to level of member readiness: extent to which group members are willing and able to work together and achieve common goal

Front 60

What are the different levels of readiness in the Hersey-Blanchard's model?

Back 60

telling stage: low readiness, selling stage: moderate readiness, participating stage: moderate to high readiness, delegating stage: high readiness

Front 61

What is the 5M model of leadership effectiveness?

Back 61

model leadership behavior, motivate members, manage group process, make decisions, mentor members

Front 62

What are the two different types of communication?

Back 62

verbal and nonverbal communication

Front 63

Define denotative meaning

Back 63

objective, dictionary-based meaning of a word

Front 64

define connotative meaning

Back 64

personal feelings connected to the meaning of a word

Front 65

describe team talk

Back 65

language group members use as they work together to achieve group goal, reveals where the group is coming from and where it is going, builds group relationships

Front 66

When do you use "I" language?

Back 66

take responsibility for feelings and actions but don't overuse and appear self-centered

Front 67

When do you use "you" language?

Back 67

make sure not to shift responsibility from yourself to others

Front 68

when do you use "we" language?

Back 68

to share credit for group achievements

Front 69

What are abstract words?

Back 69

refer to ideas or concepts that cannot be observed or touched

Front 70

What are concrete words?

Back 70

refer to specific things that can be perceived by the senses, minimize misunderstanding

Front 71

What are some forms of verbal abuse?

Back 71

tone of voice, content, language, nonverbal cues, volume

Front 72

What is codeswitching?

Back 72

ability to change from dialect of own culture and adopt language of majority in a situation, learned to avoid negative stereotypes about them based on dialect

Front 73

what are some examples of nonverbal behavior?

Back 73

personal appearance, facial expression, eye contact, vocal expression, physical expression, environment

Front 74

What is territoriality?

Back 74

sense of personal ownership that is attached to a particular space, members who fail to respect territory of others violate an important group norm

Front 75

How does nonverbal communication between men and women differ?

Back 75

women: more facial expression, smile more, more eye contact, expressive movements, touch others more, notice more nonverbal behavior,

Men: expansive movements, more relaxed, appear less involved, touch less, shake hands more, larger personal distance

Front 76

What is a group's climate?

Back 76

the degree to which members feel comfortable interacting

Front 77

What are supportive climate dialectics?

Back 77

description, problem orientation, spontaneity, empathy, equality, provisionalism

Front 78

What are defensive climate dialectics?

Back 78

evaluation, control, strategy, neutrality, superiority, certainty

Front 79

What is nonverbal immediacy?

Back 79

leaning forward, physical closeness, eye contact, openness of arms and body, touching, direct body orientation, relaxed posture, positive facial and vocal expressions, laughing and smiling

Front 80

What is conflict in groups?

Back 80

disagreement and disharmony that occurs in groups when differences are expressed regarding group goals, member ideas, behavior, and roles, or group procedures and norms

Front 81

What are some sources of conflict?

Back 81

substantive: ideas and issues, affective: emotions and personal relationships, procedural: methods and processes

Front 82

What is the difference between constructive and destructive conflict?

Back 82

constructive: group members express disagreement in a way that values everyone's contributions and group goals, respect others, focuses on issues

destructive: group members create hostility and prevent achievement of group's goal, insult others, inflexible and uncooperative

Front 83

What are the five basic conflict styles?

Back 83

competition (high own, low group), collaboration (high own, high group), compromise (middle both), avoidance (low own, low group), accommodation (low own, high group)

Front 84

What is the avoidance conflict style?

Back 84

members are unable or unwilling to accomplish their own goals or contribute to achieving group goals, fails to address problem and increases group tensions

Front 85

What is the accommodation conflict style?

Back 85

members give in to other members at expense of own goals, members believe that giving in helps even when group would benefit from analysis and discussion

Front 86

What is the competition conflict style?

Back 86

group members are more concerned with own goals than with meeting group needs, may be characterized by hostility, ridicule, and personal attacks

Front 87

What is the compromise conflict style?

Back 87

members give up some goals in order to achieve others, accept losses in exchange for gaining something else, better options may be missed if group only uses this style

Front 88

What is collaboration conflict style?

Back 88

members search for new solutions that will achieve both individual and group goals, effective collaboration requires a lot of time and energy for discussion in which all members fully participate

Front 89

What is the AEIOU method?

Back 89

a: assume others mean well, E: express feelings, I: identify what you want to happen, O: outcomes you expect are made clear, U: mutual understanding achieved

Front 90

Define negotiation

Back 90

process of bargaining in order to settle differences or reach solutions

Front 91

What is principled negotiation?

Back 91

separates people from problem, focuses on group interests, not positions, generates a variety of possible solutions, insists on objective criteria

Front 92

What is conflict mediation?

Back 92

Employs services of impartial third party who guides, coaches, and encourages disputants through negotiation to successful resolution and agreement

Front 93

What is arbitration?

Back 93

involves 3rd party, after considering all sides, the agreed upon arbitrator decides how to resolve conflict

Front 94

What is group cohesion?

Back 94

mutual attraction that holds members of a group together, have high levels of interaction, supportive communication climate, desire to conform to group expectations, use of creative and productive approaches, satisfied members

Front 95

How do you enhance group cohesion?

Back 95

establish group identity and traditions, emphasize teamwork, recognize and reward contributions, respect group members

Front 96

What is groupthink?

Back 96

the deterioration of group effectiveness that results from in group pressure, highly cohesive groups are at greater risk

Front 97

What are the symptoms of groupthink?

Back 97

invulnerability, rationalization, morality, stereotyping outsiders, self censorship, pressure on dissenters, illusion of unanimity, mindguarding

Front 98

How do you avoid groupthink?

Back 98

ask all members to serve as critical evaluators, assign several members to work on same problem independently, discuss group's progress with someone outside group, invite expert to join a meeting, give members second chance to express doubts

Front 99

Define problem solving

Back 99

process in which groups analyze a problem and develop a plan of action for solving the problem or reducing its harmful effects

Front 100

What is decision making?

Back 100

passing judgement on an issue under consideration, act of reaching a conclusion`

Front 101

What are some decision making methods?

Back 101

voting, consensus, authority rule,

Front 102

When is voting most advantageous?

Back 102

when the group is pressed for time, issue is not controversial, group is too large to use other methods, no way to break a deadlock, group constitution/rules

Front 103

What are some guidelines for consensus

Back 103

listen carefully, don't change mind to avoid conflict, welcome differing opinions, if deadlocked work harder to find consensus, get everyone involved, avoid easy ways of deciding

Front 104

What are the different decision making styles?

Back 104

rational, intuitive (feels like the right thing to do), dependent(i do what you do), avoidant, spontaneous

Front 105

What are some benefits of structure procedures?

Back 105

balanced participation, effective conflict resolution, clear organization, group empowerment

Front 106

What are the different steps to the standard agenda?

Back 106

1: task clarification, 2: problem identification, 3: fact finding, 4: solution criteria, 5: solution suggestions, 6: solution evaluation and selection, 7: solution implementation

Front 107

What is the functional perspective?

Back 107

effective preparation requires that all members are interested and energetic, research and use quality information, select an appropriate procedure; effective procedures require that all members understand issues, agree on solution criteria, identify possible solutions, review pros and cons, select solution

Front 108

What is the single question format?

Back 108

focuses on a single question that, if carefully analyzed and responsibly answered, should provide a solution

Front 109

What are the steps to the single question format?

Back 109

1: identify problem, 2: create collaborative setting, 3: analyze issues, 4: identify possible solutions, 5: answer single question

Front 110

What is the creative process?

Back 110

nonjudgmental process of searching for, separating, and connecting unrelated ideas and elements, process of combining these unrelated elements into new ideas

Front 111

What is brainstorming?

Back 111

generates many ideas in short period of time, works best when members are comfortable with freewheeling process, can fail if members are self conscious and sensitive to criticism, can enhance creativity and produce many good ideas

Front 112

What are some guidelines for brainstorming?

Back 112

sharpen focus, for all to see, number ideas, encourage creativity, all input and no put down, build and jump

Front 113

What is the nominal group technique?

Back 113

maximizes participation while minimizing interpersonal problems associated with group interaction, members first work individually

Front 114

What are the steps for the nominal group technique?

Back 114

1: each members writes ideas on paper, 2: structured sharing of ideas takes place, 3: recorder writes all ideas on flip chart, 4: round robin listing continues until members have no other ideas to share, 5: discussion is structured so each idea receives attention before voting, 6: members state support and nonsupport for each idea, 7: independent voting, 8: group decision is mathematically pooled outcome of individual votes

Front 115

What is the decreasing options technique?

Back 115

helps groups reduce and refine a large number of suggestions into a manageable number of ideas

Front 116

What are the basic steps to the decreasing options technique?

Back 116

1: generate ideas, 2: post ideas, 3: sort ideas, 4: dot ideas

Front 117

When should the DOT be used?

Back 117

when group is too large, when there are many competing ideas, when everyone is expected to contribute, when group wants to restrain dominant members, when group lacks time to discuss ideas