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183 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A complete orthopedic exam consists of what 3 things?
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1. A detailed history
2. Gait evaluation 3. Standing and recumbent palpation |
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The acronym CREPI stands for what? What is it useful for?
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useful for evaluating each joint
* Crepitus * Range of motion * Effusion * Pain * Instability |
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What 2 tests can be used to diagnose CrCL rupture?
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The cranial drawer and tibial compression tests
**** The absence of cranial drawer sign/cranial tibial thrust, when considered alone, does NOT definitively rule out CrCL rupture |
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The Ortolani maneuver is used to evaluate what?
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the hip joint for excessive laxity associated with hip dysplasia
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What the most common cause of pelvic limb lameness in dogs?
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CrCL rupture
all pelvic limb lamenesses should be considered CrCL ruptures until proven otherwise!! |
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Why shouldnt medical management be the initial treatment recommendation in an otherwise healthy animal with CrCL rupture?
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it does not address joint instability
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Proper surgical treatment of the cruciate-deficient stifle involves what two equally important components?
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1. Arthrotomy or arthroscopy
2. Stabilization |
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3 reasons to why arthrotomy or arthroscopy is an important component of surgical treatment of the cruciate-deficient stifle
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1. To inspect the cruciate ligament
2. Debride ruptured fibers 3. Diagnose/remove meniscal tears |
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Why is stabilization an important component of surgical treatment of the cruciate-deficient stifle?
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***to eliminate cranial tibial thrust***
- this can be accomplished by a number of clinically “successful” techniques (extra-capsular stabilization, slope modifying procedures, or intra-articular stabilization) |
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What is the 2nd most common cause of pelvic limb lameness in dogs?
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Hip dysplasia
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What things should be utilized for an accurate diagnosis of CHD?
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1. Sit test
2. Hip palpation under sedation 3. High-quality, well-positioned radiographs |
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What is the underlying cause of clinical signs with CHD?
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Excessive joint laxity
**** if not corrected this laxity leads to secondary OA |
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What are the 2 surgical treatments for young CHD dogs with OA?
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JPS and TPO
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What are the 2 surgical treatments for mature CHD dogs with moderate ro severe OA?
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THR and FHO
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What is the most commonly luxated joint in small animal patients (cranio-dorsally)?
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The hip
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How successful are open and closed reduction techniques in maintaining hip reduction and restoring limb function?
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1. Closed reduction: is effective approximately 50% of the time, if performed on a properly selected patient within 2-3 days of luxation
2. Open reduction techniques are 80-90% successful |
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What is OC/OCD?
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a common developmental disorder of endochondral ossification, affecting young, rapidly growing large breed dogs
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Prognosis for OCD of the shoulder
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good to excellent
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prognosis for OCD of the elbow
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fair
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Radiographs and OCD
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Radiographs are a good disgnostic tool for shoulder OCD, but can easily miss OCD of the elbow
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Elbow dysplasia
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Elbow dysplasia is a “catch-all” term describing conditions of abnormal elbow development such as UAP, OCD, and FCP
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What is the most common cause of thoracic limb lameness in dogs?
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Elbow dysplasia
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Of the clinical conditions associated with elblow dysplasia,what is the most common?
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FCP
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Long-term goals for treatment of elbow dysplasia
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Are more conservative than with other orthopedic conditions
* There can be an improvement of lameness, slow the progression of OA; a “cure” is possible in some cases, but not guaranteed |
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What is the 2nd most common traumatic joint luxation in dogs and cats?
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Elbow luxation
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prognosis for a successful outcome following closed reduction of elbow luxations
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Assuming proper case selection, prognosis for a successful outcome following closed reduction of elbow luxations is 80-90% (as compared to 50% for hip luxations)
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Immune-mediated polyarthritis
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A common cause of multi-limb lameness in middle-aged, female, toy to medium breed dogs, and occurs as a primary/ iodiopathic condition or secondary to infectious or neoplastic processes
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Prognosis for immune-mediated polyarthritis
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Is guarded to excellent depending on the severity at diagnosis, response to treatment, and underlying cause
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The majority of fracture fixation failures occur because of why?
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poor decision-making prior to surgery – treat the patient not the radiograph
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Fracture Assessment Score (FAS)
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For proper decision-making, mechanical, biologic, and clinical factors should be considered and scored in every patient.
These scores are then averaged for an overall patient Fracture Assessment Score (FAS) |
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Low FAS (0-3) characteristics
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* Little load sharing ability
* Poor soft tissue health * Poor client compliance * A potential for delayed/non-union. *** Robust implant systems with excellent implant-bone stability should be considered |
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Intermediate FAS (4-7) characteristics
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* Poor load-sharing ability
* Extensive soft tissue injuries * Partially compliant clients. *** Time to union will be substantial, thus moderately strong implant systems with good implant-bone stability should be chosen |
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High FAS (8-10) characteristics
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* Excellent load sharing
* Excellent soft-tissue health * Rapid bone union will occur assuming proper post-operative confinement. * Fixation systems chosen may be less robust or interface with the bone by friction (smooth IM pin, cerclage wire) |
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What does a pro-active analgesic protocol begin with?
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preemptive peri-operative analgesic techniques administered prior to creation of the surgical incision
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Preemptive analgesics include what drugs?
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(not limited to)
premedication with opioids, epidural administration, regional nerve blockade, and intra-articular anesthetics |
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What are the mainstay of peri- and post-op analgesic in orthopedic procedures?
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Injectable opioids
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What type of opioids should be considered for orthopedic surgery?
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pure mu opioid agonists for immediate post-operative analgesics, as they are effective, titratable, and can be completely reversed if side effects are noted
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Rehabilitation exercises for post-operative orthopedic surgical patients
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Rehabilitation exercises consisting of PROM, massage, and controlled weight bearing exercises should be considered standard of care for post-operative orthopedic surgical patients
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Factors leading to post-operative wound infections or seromas include?
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* Poor aseptic technique
* Pre-existing infection or bacterial inoculation * Long duration of anesthesia or surgery * Poor tissue handling * Open approaches * Incomplete obliteration of dead space * Failure to protect the surgical wound post-operatively |
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Seromas
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sterile accumulations of wound fluid and should NOT be lanced, stabbed, drained, or otherwise violated!
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Delayed unions
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fractures that are healing more slowly than expected, and are commonly caused by excessive fracture motion (fracture instability)
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Treatment of non-infected delayed unions involves what 4 things?
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1. Continued confinement
2. Regular leash walking 3. Time! 4. Treatment of the offending infection |
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Non-unions
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fractures which have stopped healing and without further treatment will not progress to union
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Non-union fractures can be classified into what 2 categories?
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viable and non-viable categories
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Treatment of non-unions involves what 5 things?
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1. Rigid stabilization of fracture fragments
2. Removal of infected implants or sequestra 3. Deep tissue cultures 4. Bone grafting 5. Long-term antibiotic therapy (if infected) |
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Fracture disease (quadriceps tie-down)
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A debilitating condition that commonly affects the quadriceps muscle group after femur fracture repair in young patients with femur fractures treated with overly aggressive, open, surgical approaches
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Fracture disease can be prevented by identifying what things?
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1. Patients at risk
2. Maintaining meticulous tissue handling 3. Utilizing minimally invasive repair techniques 4. Aggressively treating pain 5. Initiating early stifle joint mobilization with 90/90 slings, PROM, and weight bearing exercises |
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Present an argument for early neutering of dog/cat- 7 good reasons
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1. Decreases the risk of pyometra, prostatitis, and prostatic hyperplasia
2. Decreases the incidence of prostatic adenocarcinoma 3. Decreases the risk of mammary tumors (0.6% risk if she is spayed before her 1st heat) 4. Eliminates the risk of uterine, ovarian, and testicular neoplasms 5. Decreases the risk of perineal hernias and perianal neoplasia (an androgen-driven neoplasia) 6. Decreases the likelihood of unacceptable behaviors |
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What is one adverse consequence of neutering that can occur in a female spayed dog?
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Spaying a female dog at any age increases the risk of urinary incontinence
* Could be due to loss of estrogen influence: tightness of urethral sphincter is related to estrogen * Could be secondary to poor surgical technique |
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Dog ovulation times and type
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Female is monoestrous, spontaneous ovulation, non-seasonal
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Dog reproductive stages/lengths
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1. proestrus: ~7d (5-9d)
2. estrus : ~ 9d (range of 3-21d) 3. metestrus ~ 3d 4. diestrus : 60-80d 5. anestrus: ~ 4.5mos (range 2-10mos) |
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Physiologic events occuring during canine proestrus
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1. Hormonal: increasing estrogen levels; high FSH
2. follicular growth on the ovary |
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What physical signs can you see to tell a dog is in proestrus?
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1. Edematous and enlarged vulva that is usually very turgid
2. Profuse serosanguinous discharge, due to diapedesis in edematous epithelial vessels 3. flirts but does accept the male (may attack him!) |
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vaginal cytology: proestrus
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beginning of vaginal cornification (due to estrogen influence)
1. Increase in intermediate & superficial cells 2. Decrease in parabasal cells (“fried eggs”, cuboidal cells) 3. Some neutrophils present, but in decreasing numbers (as epithelium thickens, neutrophil count decreases) 4. Some RBCs may be present (unreliable indicator of cycle stage) |
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Physiologic events occuring during canine estrus
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1. decreasing estrogen + increasing progesterone before ovulation
2. ovulation 2d after LH surge |
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What physical signs can you see to tell a dog is in estrus?
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1. More flaccid (not turgid), enlarged vulva
2. Discharge: brown/clear and scanty 3. Accepts the male (due to decreasing estrogen + increasing progesterone) 4. Flagging of tail |
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vaginal cytology: estrus
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increase in vaginal cornification
•No leukocytes or parabasal cells •Increasing number of superficial cells (“cornflakes”), that are anucleated cornified squamous cells |
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Metestrus in the dog
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Metestrus: short transition period that coincides with ovulation but is not readily diagnosed
•Physiologic events: forming, but not yet functional, CL •Usually lasts 3d, but there are no associated physical, behavioral, or vaginal cytology signs |
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Diestrus in the dog
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*** phase during which the reproductive organs are primarily under the influence of progesterone
average 60-80d- defined by time of elevated serum progesterone levels •Duration is the same for pregnant and non-pregnant (pseudocyesis) ******* |
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Physiologic events occuring during canine diestrus
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1. Progesterone increases for first 30d, then decrease very slowly unless pregnant
2. ↓ progesterone levels at end of diestrus -->↑prolactin (regardless if pregnant) --> lactation 3. Ovary: CLs are present 4. Uterus: active secretory phase; increase in cysts & glands; thickened mucosa |
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What physical signs can you see to tell a dog is in estrus?
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1. No discharge (some may have slight cloudy/mucoid discharge in early diestrus due to large # neutrophils)
2. Some degree of mammary gland development +/- lactation (regardless if pregnant; due to progesterone) 3. Behavioral signs: will not show sexual behavior; will not accept the male |
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vaginal cytology: canine diestrus
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1. Rapid return of intermediate and parabasal cells
2. On d1 of diestrus: reappearance of intermediate or parabasal cells and/or neutrophils 3. Neutrophils: usually appear 1-2d after start of diestrus; increase as diestrus progresses 4. Increase in number of bacteria (normal vaginal inhabitants) |
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Anestrus
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period of quiescence
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Physiologic events occuring during canine anestrus
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non-secretory uterus, no ovarian activity
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What physical signs can you see to tell a dog is in anestrus?
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no sexual behavior
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cat reproductive stages/lengths
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1. proestrus: 0.5-2d
2. estrus : ~ 6-9d (range: 1-21d) 4. diestrus : 35-45d 4. interestrus: 8d; range 3-9d 5. anestrus: usually occurs October through January (in Texas) |
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cat ovulation times and type
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Seasonally polyestrous: light-induced estrus occurs during longer days (Feb-Oct in Texas); light triggers the GnRH release
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Early follicular phase
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Proestrous
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Physiologic events occuring during feline proestrus
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maturing follicles on the ovary
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What physical signs can you see to tell a cat is in proestrus?
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Behavioral signs: difficult to identify clinically because so short
•Some queens may not have an identifiable period •Signs may be similar to estrus but without acceptance of the male |
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vaginal cytology: feline proestrus
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increasing number of intermediate and superficial cells
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Physiologic events occuring during feline estrus
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* ovulation is induced by coitus
1. LH levels rise within minutes of a breeding: amount of LH released depends on number of matings (1 breeding usually isn’t enough) 2. Ovulation occurs within 1-3d of LH peak- LHRF will be released after ovulation --> prolonged sexual receptivity and coital behavior • Ovary: ovulation of mature follicles if she’s bred |
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What physical signs can you see to tell a cat is in estrus?
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1. Acceptance of male; rolling, rubbing, lordosis posture, vocalization, deviation of tail to side, treading of back legs
2. Some vulvar edema; little or no discharge or bleeding |
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Luteal phase
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(diestrus or pregnancy)
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duration of the luteal phase in the cat
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•Pseudopregnancy (diestrus): 35-45d
•Pregnancy: 64-69d |
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Queen will enter a luteal phase only if what?
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if ovulation has occurred
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Physiologic events occuring during feline luteal phase
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•After a fertile copulation & ovulation, progesterone is produced by CL for first 21d, and then by the placenta for the remainder of the pregnancy
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Physical signs of feline luteal phase
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no signs of estrus
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Queen will enter interestrus only if what?
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ovulation has not occurred
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Physiologic events occuring during feline interestus
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•Cat is still cycling (this is not the same as anestrus)
•No ovulation has occurred; follicles become atrophic & regress; no estrogenic activity |
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Physical signs of feline interestrus
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rejects male; termination of estrus behavior
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return to parabasal and small intermediate cells on a vaginal cytology indicates what phase in the cat repro cycle
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interestrus
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true lack of cycle
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anestrus
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GnRH is produced where?
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Produced by hypothalamus
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Action of GnRH?
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triggers release of FSH & LH
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GnRH in cats?
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increased daylight triggers neurotransmitter production --> GnRH released
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FSH is produced where?
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Produced by anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
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FSH role in females
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stimulates follicular development on ovaries (+ subsequent rise in serum estrogen concentration)
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FSH role in males
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•Required for initiation of spermatogenesis and to re-initiate sperm production after azoospermia
•Stimulates Sertoli cells to produce androgen-binding protein --> moves testosterone into Sertoli cell, allowing for higher local concentrations of testosterone at the androgen receptor sites |
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LH is produced where?
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Produced by anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
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LH role in females
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follicular luteinization (and subsequent rise in progesterone concentration)
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When does the sharp peak of LH occur in the female dog?
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onset of standing heat, then drops to be undetectable within 3d
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when does the Episodic burst of LH occur in the female dog?
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before ovulation
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When does ovulation occur in relation to LH peak in the dog?
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Ovulation occurs 2d after LH peak
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LH release in the cat
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* Released in response to LHRF, which is released after coitus & norepinephrine release
* Levels rise within minutes of coitus |
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When does ovulation occur in relation to LH peak in the cat?
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ovulation occurs within 1-3d; peak occurs after ovulation
* Amount of LH peak depends on how many times she is bred (number of copulations) |
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LHRF in the cat after ovulation
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LHRF is still released after ovulation which causes prolonged sexual receptivity & coital behavior continues
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LH role in the male
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required for initiation of testosterone production by interstitial/Leydig cells
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Estrogen is produced where?
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Produced by developing/maturing follicles on the ovary
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estrogen actions in females
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preparation of the female tract for estrus & receiving the male
•Involved in the behavioral signs of standing heat •Vaginal cornification |
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Estrogen levels in the *****
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•Levels will increase 3-4wks before proestrus, and peak before ovulation
Estrogen levels then are declining as progesterone levels increase |
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“standing heat” behavior in the ***** is caused by what
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Combination of persistently-high estrogen + peak of progesterone
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Superfetation
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formation/development of second fetus when one is already present in uterus; can have a litter with kittens of different gestational length/age
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Follicular waves during pregnancy in the queen
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Follicular waves can occur during pregnancy --> estrogen production -->may produce estrous behavior
* 10% of queens will cycle between wk3-6 of pregnancy * Rarely does a mating during this time cause pregnancy, but it can occur |
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Progesterone is produced where?
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Produced by the functional CL
during pregnancy, can be produced by placenta |
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Pre-ovulatory rise in progesterone is due to what
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due to pre-ovulatory release of LH & subsequent follicular luteinization
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progesterone production in the queen
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•Produced by CL for 21d
•pregnant, progesterone is produced by placenta after d21 of gestation (otherwise, luteolysis occurs) |
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prolactin is produced where?
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pituitary
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action of prolactin
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induces lactation
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prolactin levels in the *****
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•Levels rise as progesterone decreases in late gestation
•Prolactin will increase regardless is she is pregnant or non-pregnant |
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prolactin levels in the queen
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•Rises in latter half of pregnancy; significant rise 3d pre-parturition
•Highest during the first 4wks of lactation •Levels return to baseline 2wks after weaning |
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predominant hormone in period of diestrus
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Progesterone
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Induced ovulation
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refers to cats; ovulation of mature follicles occurs in response to coitus
Coitus --> increased electrophysiological activity in hypothalamic arcuate nucleus -->production of norepinephrine --> luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LHRF) synthesis --> pituitary LH released |
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Spontaneous ovulation
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refers to dogs; ovulation occurs in response to physiologic changes in hormonal levels
easier to perform estrus timing and artificial insemination |
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period of time in the dog following ovulation without fertilization
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Pseudopregnancy
* Due to high levels of progesterone (from the functional CL) for 60-80d, she will show the behavioral and physical signs of pregnancy regardless is she is actually carrying puppies - This is not a problem in cats because the lifespan of the CL is shorter than the gestational length |
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Lifespan of CL in the *****
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is the same regardless if she is pregnant
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Seasonal polyestrous
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refers to cats
* Females cycle during a particular season (long days; usually January to October in Texas) instead of year-round * During the season, the female will cycle more than once (provided she doesn’t get pregnant) |
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Monoestrous
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refers to dogs
* Estrous cycle is not affected by the seasons; the female cycles throughout the year * Single estrous cycle, followed by an interestrous period (including diestrus is ~7mos) |
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Primiparous
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female with her first pregnancy
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Nulliparous
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female who has not yet had babies or been pregnant
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Multiparous
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female who has been pregnant and given birth more than once
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How often should you re-perform semen evaluations?
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* Time from primary spermatocyte to mature sperm (entering the epididymis) = 54.4d (~2mos)
* Time for passage through epididymis = ~14d * General rule: to re-evaluate semen quality that could be poor due to a sudden assault, re-check the male in 60d |
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age of puberty in dogs
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6-24mos
•Size influence: large-breed dogs are older when estrous cycles start - Toy poodles: 6mos - Beagles: 10-11mos - Irish Wolfhound: 18mos |
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when to breed a YOUNG *****
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do not breed on her 1st estrous cycle
- Female may not be physically mature enough for pregnancy *** Usually wait to breed after 2nd or 3rd normal estrus |
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“silent heat”
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the first estrus may be scanty, not overt, or anovulatory
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when to breed a young male dog
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capable of breeding at 4-6mos, but do not yet breed yet at this time
- Do not use as stud until fully mature (semen quality is not appropriate until then) - Expect sperm abnormalities until at 11.5mos (15-18mos in large breed dogs) Abnormalities: proximal cytoplasmic droplets (unable to fertilize), coiled tails o Always check for cryptorchidism do not breed (even if semen evaluation says they’re fertile) because this is heritable condition |
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Reproductive lifespan in dogs
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•*****: 3-6yrs
•Male dog: until old age |
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Problems with advancing age in breeding *******
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1. Increased time of inter-estrous periods
2. Older females that have never been bred before may not accept puppies; there is increased risk of injury to puppies or cannibalism with an older naïve ***** 3. Cystic endometrial hyperplasia/pyometra complex ---- Causes a predisposition to pyometra and mucometra -----Decreases the likelihood of successful implantation 4. Aged oocytes in the older female |
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Problems with advancing age in breeding males
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1. Decreased libido
2. Testicular neoplasia 3. Immune-mediated aspermia --> testicular degeneration; related to testicular trauma with age |
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Sertoli cell tumors
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Testicular neoplasia (the one we think of most)
malignant; estrogen-producing tumors causes infertility due to hormone production (negative feedback on sperm production), regardless of physical size of tumor |
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Seminoma
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malignant; only causes infertility if its large size (space-occupying mass) decreases sperm production
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Interstitial cell tumor
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only causes infertility if large enough space-occupying mass
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Age at puberty in cats
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average 7-8mos (range of 3.5-12mos)
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factors of age of puberty in cats
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1. Weight-dependent: usually 2-3.2kg at onset of puberty
2. Breed influence - DSH: 7-8mos - Purebreds mature later than DSH - Short-haired cats reach puberty earlier than long-haired cats 3. Time of year influence - Younger queens cycle as early as 5mos if near the appropriate age in early spring - Queens cycle as older females if near the appropriate age in fall |
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when do you begin breeding cats?
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•Females: avoid breeding on first estrous cycle; she may not be physically mature enough for pregnancy
•Males: capable of erection & ejaculation as early as 4-6mos - Do not use as stud until fully mature (semen quality is not appropriate until then) - Start to produce sperm at 5mos; abnormalities present until 9mos |
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Reproductive lifespan of cats
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• Queen: 1-8yrs
• Tomcat: until old age |
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Sperm lifespan in the *****
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• Motile for up to 11d
• Considered fertile for 5-6d |
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Oocyte lifespan in the *****
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•Ovulation occurs over a short period of time (<24hrs)
•***** ovulates a primary oocyte (maturation must occur in oviduct) •Oocyte matures over up to 3d --> first polar body is shed (required step before fertilization) |
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Fertilizable lifespan of matured oocyte in the *****
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12-24hrs
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Reasons for differently-sized puppies in same litter
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1. Superfecundation
•One ***** may be bred multiple times with different fathers during the same fertile time period 2. Different implantation sites |
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Superfecundation
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fertilization of >1 ovum within single estrous cycle by different matings
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Explain why an interestrous interval of 6-7mos is optimal in the *****
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o It takes 150d for the uterus to return to quiescence after a cycle
oIf she cycles <6mos, she has a progesterone-influenced uterus during estrus - Cervix is dilated: easier access for bacteria to enter - Bacteria are able to colonize at the lining cysts along the endometrium - End result: predisposition to early age-onset cystic endometrial hyperplasia & subsequent pyometra |
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Progesterone Assay indications
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determine when C-section is safe; time breeding
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progesterone levels in the *****
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1. Levels are low in anestrus
2. Levels rise in late proestrus (pre-ovulatory) 3. Levels will continue to rise into diestrus if ovulation has occurred 4. Elevated progesterone level 4wks after onset of estrus suggests LH levels caused ovulation 5. Levels will fall towards end of pregnancy 6. Non-pregnant, pseudopregnant, and pregnant ******* all have the same progesterone levels |
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progesterone levels in the queen
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•Levels rise 3-5d after copulation (peaks at 3wks)
•If pseudopregnant, levels decline in 40d to baseline •If pregnant, levels decline in 65d |
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Indications for measurement of LH in the *****
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when you need precise timing of breeding (i.e. using frozen semen)
•Better evaluation of adequate LH surge (& ovulation): measure progesterone levels during diestrus |
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when does LH increase in males?
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•Increases with active degeneration of seminiferous tubules
•Increases with dysfunction of Leydig cells |
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Why is giving testosterone to a dog that has no sperm but still has libido a BAD idea?
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•Testosterone levels can be normal even if dog has no spermatozoa (Leydig cells are still present)
•Testosterone could be hepatotoxic and should not be administered unless we’re sure he has low levels •If he is showing libido, he has testosterone! •Alternative treatment: administer FSH |
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pseudopregnancy dog vs. cat
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1. dog= normal
* Progesterone levels remain high, regardless if she is pregnant or not •The lifespan of the CL is about the same length of time as gestation •Throughout gestation, the CL is functional and maintaining adequate progesterone levels * Under the influence of progesterone, she will not show estrus (behavioral signs indicate a pregnant female) 2. cat=not normal * progesterone levels should decline by d40 - If pregnant, progesterone levels are maintained by the placenta after d21 of gestation - If not pregnant, luteolysis occurs and progesterone levels will decrease |
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Why do many catteries keep a vasectomized tomcat?
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* The queen is an induced ovulator—real/simulated coitus is required to initiate cascade that leads to LH release and ovulation
* Queen responds to the visual, tactile, and/or auditory cues from the male for breeding to occur |
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Explain why using artificial light to keep cats cycling longer is a bad medical breeding management practice
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* Queens are seasonally polyestrous, with light-induced estrus (long-day cyclers)
* Artificial light (14hrs/d) will perpetuate cycling during the winter, so that >1 breeding per year is possible ----- However, this will predispose the queen to pyometra |
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Explain why Siamese queens can appear to be in heat constantly
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****Vocalization during estrus is particularly prominent in Siamese queens
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best time to breed a "normal *****"
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* good breeding coverage within the 5d before d1 of diestrus
- LH peak occurred 7-8d before d1 of diestrus, with ovulation 2d later - Conception date = d1 of diestrus minus three days |
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why shouldnt you use the *****’s acceptance of male as the primary indicator for when to breed ?
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the LH peak and subsequent ovulation have not been shown to correlate adequately with “standing heat"
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To maximize conception in “normal” ***** if only 2 breedings are allowed
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breed once at time of 1st acceptance, then breed again 3-4d later
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To maximize conception in “normal” ***** if only 1 breeding is allowed:
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use progesterone as your guide
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Best option for really difficult females or those using frozen semen AI
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1. Start with vaginal cytology
---- Once there is 50% anucleated cells on cytology, start testing progesterone q48hrs 2. After the initial rise in progesterone, start testing LH q1d 3. Inseminate 2-3d after ovulation or 4-5d after LH peak o Get a quantitative progesterone assay on insemination day to make sure it’s >10ng/ml |
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Used as an indirect indicator of LH peak
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Progesterone assays
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Breeding based on vaginal cytology
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Start breeding when ~50% of superficial cells are anucleated and breed her every 3rd day until d1 of diestrus is identified on vaginal cytology
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Male abnormalities that would prevent normal mating
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1. Persistent penile frenulum: prevents extrusion of penis from prepuce
2. Fractured os penis: prevents intromission 3. Penile hair ring (tomcat): prevents extrusion of penis |
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Female abnormalities that would prevent normal mating
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1. Persistent hymen (fibrous band in vagina)
2. Juvenile vulva |
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In order to induce estrus in the dog....
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she must be in anestrus (not diestrus: lack of endometrial repair will lead to infertility)
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Carbergoline MOA
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(dopamine agonist)
MOA: dopamine inhibits prolactin •Prolactin = the major luteotrophic hormone produced in late luteal phase; required for maintenance of appropriate progesterone secretion •↓prolactin = decreased/suppressed progesterone levels --> loss of negative feedback --> ↑FSH •Shown to be 70% effective in inducing heat •Should begin treatment 4mos after end of previous heat cycle •Will be ineffective if she is still in diestrus and has measurable progesterone levels |
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Side effects of Carbergoline
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•Some dogs will experience nausea within first few days (treat with metoclopramide)
•May cause a coat color change (transient until next shedding) |
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Deslorelin MOA
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(GnRH analog with increased half-life)
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side effects of delorelin
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•She cannot be in diestrus (must lyse the CL first)
•If you give injection immediately after inducing luteolysis, females come into heat, but 20-30% females do not ovulate and the females that do ovulate will not become pregnant |
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inducing estrus in the queen
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***** Queen must be cycling
•Cannot induce estrus when she is in true anestrus (Oct-Jan) |
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options for prevention of estrus behavior
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1. Megestrol acetate (progestin)
2. Milbolerone (synthetic anabolic and androgenic steroid) 3. “Sham mating” in queen 4. Tubal ligation 5. OHE: preferred method! |
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Explain available tests to determine if a mismating occurred and if a pregnancy is likely
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64% of “mismated” females will turn out to not be pregnant
1. Vaginal cytology - Pregnancy could not have occurred if in anestrus (intermediate cells, parabasal cells, +/- neutrophils) - Pregnancy is unlikely if in early proestrus (only a few superficial cells, that are still nucleated) or diestrus (intermediate cells, parabasal cells, neutrophils) 2. Progesterone assay - Pregnancy is unlikely if levels are low (in anestrus or early proestrus) - Pregnancy is more likely if there has been a peak of progesterone |
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Explain the use of ECP as an “abortion shot”
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ECP = estradiol cypionate
MOA: Induces edema in oviduct= alters transit time of ova in oviducts = less likely to have fertilization - Causes degeneration of ova - Causes abnormal implantation Protocol: must be given within 72hrs of mismating |
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side effects of ECP
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* 25% will develop pyometra (due to high estrogen levels with the rising progesterone in late estrus)
* Idiosyncratic bone marrow suppression and pancytopenia (irreversible and fatal) * Estrogen-associated infertility * Persistence of clinical signs of estrus for 7-10d longer than normal Not approved for any use in the dog = do NOT recommend administration |
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Describe the side effects when administering PGF2α
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1. Accidental overdose causes severe hemorrhagic shock in the dog (have someone double-check your math!!)
2. Can cause side effects due to smooth muscle contraction throughout body •Salivation, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramping, fever, dyspnea (bronchoconstriction) |
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PGF2α
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PGF2α = Dinoprost
MOA: decreases blood flow to CL, causes luteolysis of CL; interferes with steroidogenesis Requires that she has a functional & responsive CL - Must be in 3rd trimester (>d40) |
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What risks are there in administration of dexamethasone to a pregnant female during an emergency?
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* Dexamethasone can induce abortion in some dogs past d30 of gestation
* This is not consistent, but is a definitive risk and consideration when administering the steroid to a pregnant patient |
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gestation length in ***** and queen
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* Canine: average of 63d
* Feline: 64-69d from fertile mating |
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gestation length in ***** from breeding date
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- 59-70d
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gestation length in ***** from d1 of diestrus
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57d
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gestation length in ***** from conception date
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60d
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gestation length in ***** from LH peak
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64-66d from LH peak
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gestation length in ***** from ovulation
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62-64d from ovulation
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Explain why a gestation length might seem prolonged
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oUsually due to a miscalculation of the conception date
- Multiple breedings are often performed - Sperm are capable of fertilization for 5-7d (actual conception could be 5d after last breeding date!) * Therefore, wait for an elective C-section until d68-70 of gestation and (preferably) get a progesterone level before surgery |
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Describe the differences in palpation of a pregnant uterus
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* Day 20: difficult to feel any changes; by d25-35, can feel distinct round masses
* Day 35: after d35, the uterus is diffusely enlarged, it is difficult to distinguish individual babies, and it may be difficult to differentiate from intestine * Day 55: individual babies can again be distinguished after d50 |
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Describe how to interpret a radiograph of a >42d pregnancy
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the fetal skeletons have ossified and can be identified & counted
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