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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
CANINE DISTEMPER
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ETIOLOGY= PARAMYXOVIRUS
TRANSMISSION=BODY SECRETIONS, FOMITES INCUBATION= 6-9 DAYS-MONTHS SYMPTOMS=VARIED RESP=EYES, NOSE.(PUP W/ RUNNY NOSE) GI=V/D. DEHYDRATION CNS=ADVANCED. MUSCLE VESICULATION=RHYTHMIC TWITCHING. HARD PAD DISEASE ENAMEL HYPOPLASIA DIAGNOSES= NO RELIABLE TEST SHORR STAIN-CONJUNTIVA SWAB REPEAT BLOOD TITERS INCLUSION BODIES@ NECROPSY TX= SYMPTOMATIC, SUPPORTIVE IV FLUIDS W/ KCL. DEX , ABS ANTI-DIAHRREAL, IMETIC. PROGNOSES= GOOD TO GRAVE PREVENTION= VACCINE IF 1ST- 7 DAYS. W/ PRIOR VX-36 HOURS |
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CANINE ADENOVIRUS 1/
INFECTIOUS CANINE HEPATITIS |
ETIOLOGY= CAV1
TRANS= ORONASAL EXP TO ALL BODY SECRETIONS 14 DAYS THEN IN URINE. INC= 5-9 DAYS SYMPTOMS= GI, SWOLLEN LYMPHS, ABNORMAL BLEEDING, (DESSIMINATED INRAVASCULAR COAGULATION), CNS, OCULAR (BLUE EYE) DIAG= PE-PETICHIA DT CLOTTING FACTORS , BLOOD- LIVER,KIDNEY,COAG. UA-PROTEINURIA OR BILIRUBINURIA DT KIDNEY DAMAGE TX= SUPPORTIVE, SYMPTOMATIC PROG= POOR-GRAVE |
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CANINE ADENOVIRUS 2/
INFECTIOUS TRACHEAL BRONCHITIS (KENNEL COUGH) |
ET= CAV2, BORDATELLA, PARINFLUENZA, MICOPLASMA
TRANS= RESPIRATORY SECRETIONS, FOMITES INC-5-9 DAYS (2-5) SYMPTOMS= RESPIRATORY, COUGH CAN BECOME COMPLICATED DIAG=SYMPTOMS TX=SYMPTOMATIC- ABS FOR COMPLICATED. DX=GOOD PREVENT-VX FOR BORD |
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CANINE PARVOVIRUS
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ET= PARVO VIRUS-SPEC SPECIFIC
TRAN=FECAL-ORAL FOMITES. LIVES 3-6 MONS IN ENV. SYMPTOMS= BLOODY DIAHRREA.LOW GRADE FEVER (MAY SPIKE) DEHYDRATION, ANOREXIC, WEAK, THIN DIAG= HX, PE, LAB: CBC, PARVOCITE,CHEM, ELECT. TX= STAGGER TX- IV FLUIDS : LRS/55 CC 50%DEX/ 20MEqKCl/ 1ML B-VIT.ANTI-DIAHRHEAL, ANTI-IMETIC. ABS. ISO: BLEACH 1:30. PROG= VARIABLE PREVENTION= VACCINE |
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CANINE CORONA VIRUS
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ET= CORONA VIRUS
TRANS= ORO-FECAL INC=24-48 HRS SYMPTOMS- DIARRHEA DIAG= NONE TX- SUPPORTIVE,SYMPTOMATIC PROG- GOOD TO EXCELLENT PREVENTION= VX- NOT USED |
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CANINE LEPTOSIROSIS
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USU IN AGRI AREAS-ZOONOTIC
ET=BACTERIAL, LEPTOSPIRA INTERROGANS TRANS= THRU MOCUSOSA, ABRADED SKIN-REPLICATES IN KIDNEYS. DIRECT CONTACT W/ URINE VENEREAL, PLACENTAL TRANSFER BITE WOUNDS INGESTION OF INFECTED MEAT FOMITES-SHED IN URINE FOR MONTHS AFTER RECOVERY. SYMPTOMS=PERACUTE=DEATH SUBACUTE=CHRONIC A. ACUTE DEATH B. FEVER, SHIVERING,SORE MUSCLES C. V/D SHOCK D COAG-PETECHIA,HEMATEMESIS, EPISTAXIS, MELENA E. RENAL, HEPATIC,MENINGEAL F. COUGHING, DYSPNEA, CONJUNTIVITIS, RHINITIS, TONSILLITIS MAIN ORGAN INFECTED= KIDNEYS, LIVER 2ND. SPINAL CORD(MENINGITIS), EYE(UVEITIS), FERTILITY ISSUES. INC= 5-15 DAYS DX= INC WBC.< PLATELETS. INC BUN,CREATININE. BLOOD TITER, CULTURE IN URINE. TX= S/S. 2-3 ABS. VX- BACTERIN- ONLY GOOD 3MOS. USU NOT GIVEN DT REACTIONS |
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HEMATEMESIS
MELENA EPISTAXIS |
VOMITING OF BLOOD
PASSAGE OF BLACK TARRY STOOL NOSE BLEED |
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RABIES
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ET= RHABDOVIRUS
TRAN= SALIVA VIA BITE INC- 15-50 DAYS A.PRODROMAL- HOURS-3 DAYS B.EXCITATIVE= 1-7 DAYS C.PARALYTIC SYMPTOMS A.RESTLESS SLT FEVER MYDRIASIS(SLUGGISH CORNEAL REFLEX) B. AGGRESSIVE, PHOTOPHOBIA, VOICE CHANGE DT LARYNGEAL PARALYSIS C. DROOLING , STRABISMUS (WANDERING EYE) DX= HX, POSTMORTEM BX TX= NONE ZOONOTIC!!!! |
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PANLEUKOPENIA
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WITHOUT WHITE CELLS/ KITTY PARVO/ KITTY DISTEMPER
ET- FEL PARVOVIRUS TRANS= ORAL-FECAL, FOMITES, ALL BODY SECRETIONS INC= 3-7 DAYS CLASSIC= > 6 WKS.V/D WEAKNESS, ANOREXIA, FEVER < 6 WKS= CEREBELLAR HYPOPLASIA- PRENATATAL EXP. DX= PE HX CPC PARVO SNAP TX= SUPPORTIVE PROG= GRAVE 50-90 MORTALITY PREVENTION= VACCINE |
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FELINE URI/ RESPIRATORY DISEASE COMPLEX
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ET=USU VIRUS: HERPES 1(RHINOTRACHEITIS) CALICI (ORAL ULCERS), CHLAMYDIA PTICCITISI, BORDATELLA (RARE)
TRAN= AEROSOL DROPLET DIRECT, FOMITES INC= 3-7 DAYS SYMPTOMS= REPEATED SNEEZING, TEARING, CONJUNTIVITIS, NASAL D/C HERPES= ASYMPTOMACIC CARRIER STATE TX= S/S ISO ABS FOR 2ND INFECTION. PREVENTION= VX ONLY FOR HERBES I-RHINO, CALICI |
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FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS
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ET= ONE OF CORONAVIRUSES
FECV OR FIPV-80-90 %CATS INFECTED- 95% HEALTHY MY BE GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TRANS= FECAL-ORAL MUTANT OF FECV REPLICATES IN GI MUCOSA, MUTATES IN CAT POSSIBLYIN UTERO LIVES 3-7 WEEKS OUTSIDE HOST INC= VARIABLE, VIREMIA 1 WK POST EXPOSURE SYMPTOMS EARLY- NON SPECIFIC WET, EFFUSIVE- FIBRIN RICH FLUID- INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE DRY FORM DX= HX, PE, FLUID ANALYSIS, BLOODWORK, POSTMORTEM TX= SUPPORTAVE PROG= FATAL. USU 5-7 WKS, MAY BE 6-8 MONTHS PREVENTION= VX? QUARANTINE. |
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FELINE INFECTIOUS ANEMIA/
MYCOPLASMA HAEMOFELIS |
ET= RICKSETTIAL DISEASE-BLOOD PARASITE-HEMOBARTONELLA FELIS. ATTACHES TO RBC'S. IMMUNE RESPONSE DESTROYS RBCS
TRAN= BLOOD BORNE PATHOGEN, FLEAS, TICKS, BITES, IV INJ, TRANSFUSION INC= 1-4 WEEKS SYMPTOMS= ANEMIA, PALE, WEAK MAY EAT DIRT, LITTER DX= CBC, PCV, PE, PCR TEST TX= DOXYCYCLINE 3 WEEKS. BLOOD TRANSFUSION PCV<15 CORTICOSTEROIDS PROG= EXCELLENT TO GUARDED, MAY REMAIN CHRONIC PREVENTION= LIMIT EXP TO OUTDOOR CAT. MOST LIKELY TO BE INFECTED= 4-6 YRS, HX OF FIGHTING, INCOMPLETE VX, FELV + |
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FELINE LEUKEMIA VIRUS
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ET= RETROVIRUS- ONCOGENIC.
TRAN= SALIVA, NASAL SECRETION IN UTERO, BLOOD TRANS, MILK INC= MAY BE TRANSITORY, CAT REJECTS VIRUS. IF NOT- SPREADS FROM LYMPHOID TISSUE TO BONE MARROW- REPLICATES- PERSISTENT VIREMIA OR LATENT INFECTION. CAN BE HIDDEN FOR YEARS. RESISTANCE IS AGE RELATED- OLDER BETTER. IN FEW WEEKS, SPREADS TO SALIVARY GLANDS AND RESP EPI CELLS- SHED IN ENVIRONMENT VIRUS CAN REPLICATE AND CAUSE DISEASE IN 1 LYMPHOCYTES 2 MUCOSAL CELLS)INTESTINE, PANCREAS) 3. BLOOD CELLS- RD AND WHT 4 RESP AND BLADDER CELLS SYMPTOMS= EARLY- KITTY COLD GINGIVITIS DIAHHREA LATER- CHRONIC 2ND INF, ANEMIA CHRONIC- CANCER ESP LYMPHATIC LEUKEMIA DX= HX, FUO, AUO, CHRONIC UNRESPONSIVEILLNESS, FELV TESTING, IFA, ELISA > 9WKS TX= S/S TREAT 2ND INFECTIONS, SYMPTOMS DONT PUT IN ISO. PROG= VARIABLE- USU 3.5 YRS PREVENTION- VX, REDUCE RISK FACTORS. |
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FELINE FELV TESTING
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IF ELISA POSITIVE
A. WAIT 3 WEEKS, RETEST OR B. RUN IFA IF NEG- RETEST IN 3 WEEKS IF POS= DEFINITE POS |
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FELINE IMMUNOFICIENCY VIRUS
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ET= RETROVIRUS IN NO CAL
TRAN= SALIVA VIA BITES, MOTHER TO KITTENS INC= INITIAL ACUTE-LENGTH IS VAR ASSYMPTOMATIC LATENT-MOS-YRS CHRONIC TERMINAL-LIFETIME IMMUNODEFICIENT STATE SYMPTOMS ACUTE-LYPHADENOMEGALY, FEVER, ADR, BACTERIAL INF LATENT-NONE CHRONIC-STOMATITIS, GINGIVITIS, URI, ENTERITIS, SKIN INF, FUO, ANEMIA, CNS, INFECTIONS DX- HX, ELISA TEST, WESTERN BLOT TESTS TX= S/S PREVENTION- LIMIT EXP AVERAGE AGE = 5 YRS |
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VACCINE DEFINITION
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SUSPENSION OF KILLED, LIVING OR ATTENUATED CULTURES OF MICRO-ORGANISMS USED AS ANTIGENS TO PRODUCE IMMUNITY
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HANDLING
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STORE IN FRIDGE
DISCARD 1 HR AFTER MIXING ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE |
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KILLED
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PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS INACTIVATED BY CHEMICALS
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ATTENUATED/ MODIFIED LIVE
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LIVING AVIRULENT ORGANISMS- MODIFIED BY A SERIES OF PASSAGES THRU UNNATURAL HOSTS IE MOUSE BRAIN. LOSES ABILITY TO PRODUCE DISEASE
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DOG VACCINES
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CORE-6-8 WKS, EVERY3-4 WKS TILL 16 WKS
CISTEMPER HEPATITIS-CAV2 PARAINFLUENZA PARVO RABIES NON CORE BORDATELLA-IN ONLY ONCE LYME-AT 12 WKS CORONA |
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CAT VACCINES
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CORE-6-8 WKS EVERY 3-4 WKS TILL 12 WEEKS
RHINOTRACHEITIS CALICI PANLEUKOPENIA RABIES NON CORE CHLAMYDIA FELV-9WKS FIP-16 WKS FIV GIARDIA RINGWORM |
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EXOTIC VACCINES
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RACCOON- K9 DHLPP
FEL DISTEMPER, URI KILLED RABIES FERRET- FERVAC-D KILLED MEASLES VACCINE(K9) RABIES |
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BIRDS
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PSITTACINE POX
PACHECO'S VIRUS |
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POT-BELLIED PIGS
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RESPIFEND= BORD, ERYSIPELOTHRIX, PASTURELLA
GESTAFEND= PARVO, LEPTO |
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SEIZUE ACTIVITY
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CAUSES
EXTRACEREBRAL- HIGH FEVER, POISON, HYPOGLYCEMIA, HYPOCALCEMIA, HEAT STROKE, ORGAN MALFUNCTION, HYPOXIA CEREBRAL= EPILEPSY, TUMORS, HEAD TRAUMA, CVA, ABSCESS, HYDROCEPHALUS, CONGENITAL DEFECTS DURATION- FEW SECONDS-15 MIN (STATUS EPILEPTICUS) SEIZURE THRESHOLD- HIGHER IS LESS LIKELY TO SEIZURE |
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EPILEPSY
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CHRONICALLY RECURRING CEREBRAL DYSRYTHMIA ORIGINATING FROM AN ABNORMAL GROUP OF NEURONS (FOCUS) HAVING FREQUENT BURSTSOF ABNORMAL ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY WHICH WILL THEN SPREAD TO NEIGHBORING CELLS AND RESULT IN A SEIZURE.
MOST COMMON 1-4 YRS. IF <1 YR- WORM BURDEN, CONGENITAL BRAIN DEFECT SYMPTOMS= INTERMITTENT SEIZURES FOR NO UNDERLYING REASON. PHASES PRE=AURA DURING=ICTUS AFTER=POST ICTUS DX= HX, PE, BLOODWORK TO R/O OTHER CAUSES, MRI, CSF TAP. TX- IF > 1/MO OR 30MIN/YR- OUTCOME= CONTROL NOT CURE |
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PANOSTEITIS
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INFLAMMATORY DISEASE OF THE LONG BONES
OCCURS IN YOUNG MALE DOGS: SHEP, DOBIE AND MIXES USU 6-12 MOS. LATER IN LARGER BREEDS CAN BE UP TO 7 YRS CAUSES= STRESS, HEREDITY, HYPERESTROGENISM SYMPTOMS= ACUTE ONSET LAMENESS W/O TRAUMA. MAY STOP THEN REOCCUR IN DIFF LIMB. DX= RADS- LACY LOOK TO MEDULLARY CANAL, THICKENING OF ENDOSTIUM- WHITE LINE. PE, ORTHO EXAM TX= MAY BE SELF LIMITING WITHIN 2-3 MOS. NSAIDS OUTCOME=EXCELLENT |
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DEGENERATIVE MYELOPATHY
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PROGRESSIVE DEGENERATIVE CONDITION OF THE SPINAL CORD
OCCURS IN OLDER SHEP AND MIX SYMPTOMS- WEAKNESS, PARALYSIS OF HIND LEGS DX- R/O DYSPLASIA, DISC DS TX- STEROIDS EARLY ON ANIMOCAPROIC ACID CARE FOR INCUMBENT ANIMAL. OFTEN EUTHANISED |
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CERVICAL VERTEBRAL INSTABILITY/ WOBBLERS SYNDROME
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OCCURS IN DANES, DOBIES, RHOD RIDGEBACKS, LG FAST GROWING BREEDS.
CAUSE- DIET (INC PROTEIN,CA) TRAUMA, DISC DISEASE, VERTEBRA OR CARTILAGE DEFORMITY SYMPTOMS HINDLIMB INCOORDINATION UNSTEADY GAIT IN FRONT RIGID NECK PAIN- WITH OR WITHOUT DX= XRAYS TX= STEROIDS, REST, MUSCLE RELAXER, SX OUTCOME= DEPENDS ON SEVERITY OF DAMAGE |
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OSTEOCHONDRITIS DESSICANS
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CARTILAGINOUS FLAP FORMED IN JOINT DT DRYING OUT OF CARTILAGE.
OCCURS IN FAST GROWING BREEDS, YOUNG MALES 6-9 MOS. GIANT BREEDS 12-18 MOS OFTEN SHORT LEGGED AND BARREL CHESTED BREEDS CAUSES= EXCESS WEIGHT, CONGENITAL, HERIDITARY TRAUMA, OVERACTIVITY, COMPENSATION SYMPTOMS= LAMENESS W/ JOINT PAIN, DECREASED ROM, ALTERED GAIT, NON WEIGHT BEARING DX= HX, PE, RADS, ARTHROGRAM TX- SOME RESOLVE, OTHERS SX NSAIDS, PAIN MEDS |
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INTERVERTEBRAL DISC SYNDROME
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OCCURS- DACHSUNDS, PEKES, CORGIS- EXTRUSION(RUPTURE)
LG BREED= PROTRUSION CAUSE= INJURY TO DISC SYMPTOMS= HYPERESTESIA- INC SENSITIVITY AND PAIN LOSS OF CONSCIOUS PROPRIOCEPTION LOSS OF VOLUNTARY MOTOR FUNCTION LOSS OF SUPERFICIAL PAIN SENSATION LOSS OF DEEP PAIN SENSATION DX= HX, PE, NEURO EXAM, RAD, MYELOGRAM TX= CARE FOR RECUMBENT PATIENT. SX= DECOMPRESSION VIA LAMINECTOMY PT |
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DERMATITIS
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INFLAMMATION OF THE SKIN
CAUSES- EXTERNAL IRRITANTS BURNS ALLERGY- CONTACT, INHALED (ATOPY) INFECTION-BACTERIAL-PYODERMA' INFESTATION- PARASITIC SYMPTOMS-USU BELLY, TAIL BASE, FACE 1. PRURITIS-ITCHY 2. ERYTHEMA- REDDENED 3. 2ND INFECTIONS- PUSTULES 4. ALOPECIA- HAIR LOSS 5. SCABS, CRUSTS, SCALES CHRONIC- THICKENED CONVOLUTED GREY SKIN ACUTE- RED, ANGRY MOIST. DX= SKIN SCRAPING, DTM, STAIN, BX, ALLERY TEST HX, DIET TX- SYSTEMIC - STEROIDS, ABS ANTIHISTAMINES TOPICAL OUTCOME- BETTER FOR ACUTE |
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ACRAL PRURITIC NODULE/
LICK GRANULOMA |
LICK GRANULOMA
CAUSE- CONSTANT LICKING TX- REDUCE CAUSE, ANIMAX, SILVADENE |
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EOSINOPHILIC GRANULOMA/
RODENT ULCER |
CHRONIC DERMATOSIS ON LIPS, ORAL MUCOSA, ABD OF CATS
UNK CAUSE- IMMUNE MEDIATED? SYMPTOM- RED, ULCERATIVE LESIONS AROUND LIPS, FACE ON ABD=PLAQUES DX- PE, R/O SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA TX- STEROIEDS, CLEANSE E COLLAR OUTCOME- TENDS TO RECUR SEASONALLY |
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FELINE ACNE
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COMEDONES (BLACKHEADS) ON LIPS, CHIN FACE OF CATS
CAUSE- HORMONES, BACTERIA, PLASTIC FEEDING DISHES TX- CLIP AND CLEAN PROG- GOOD BUT OFTEN CHRONIC |
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SEBORRHEA
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CHRONIC NON INFLAMMATORY SKIN CONDITION- MORE OR LESS SEBUM.
PRIMARY= NO OTHER SKIN CONDITION OLEOSA- OILY- SPANIELS SICCA=DRY- SETTERS, SHEPS, DOBIES CAUSES 1. ABNORMAL LIPID SKIN CONTENT 2. THYROID DISORDER 3. FATTY ACID DEFICIENCY 4. MALABSORPTION OF FATS 5. 2ND TO OTHER SKIN PROBLEM |
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MILIARY DERMATITIS
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CAUSE- ALLERGIC RX TO ???
SYMPTOMS= BUMPY CRUSTY LESIONS OVER DORSAL AND SACRAL REGIONS, PARTIAL ALOPECIA, THINNING, BROKEN HAIR, PRURITIC. DX= SYMPTOMS, SKIN BX, ALLERGY TESTING TX= STEROIDS, FLEA CONTROL, TOPICAL OUTCOME- GOOD LIKELY TO RECUR |
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OTITIS
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INFLAMMATION OF THE EAR
EXTERNA- MOST COMMON CAUSES- WAX, EAR MITES, FB, ALLERGY MEDIA- 50% OF O EXT HAVE MEDIA CAUSE- EXT OF O EXTERNA, NOSE/THROAT/SINUS INF, FB, TUMOR, TRAUMA DX- OTO EXAM, SKULL RADS FOR TYMPANIC BULLA TX= ABS STEROIDS DRY CLIANING OF EAR IF EAR DRUM RUPTURED, TREAT SOURCE. O INTERNA= INNER IAR- SEMI CIRCULAR CANAL AND COCHLEA ASS W/ BALANCE AND HEARING CAUSE- INFECTION, EXT OF OTIC DS, TRAUMA, TUMOR DX- SYMPTOMS, RADS, NEURO EXAM, MRI SYMPTOMS- PAIN, CIRCLING HEAD TILT LOSS OF BALANCE AND HEARING. R/O OLD AGE VESTIBULAR SYNDROME TX= ABS STEROIDS, PAIN MEDS |
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EAR MITES
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OTODECTES CYNOTIC
BLACK TARRY EXUDATE FROM EARS HIGHLY PRURITIC DX- EAR MITE CHECK TX= FRONTLINE SPRAY UNDER EAR MILBEMITE, ACCAREXX LIKELY REINFESTATION |
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FOXTAILS
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SHAKING
HEMATOMAS SECONDARY TO |
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FLY STRIKE
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MORE COMMON IN ERECT EARS
DRY CRUSTY BLOOD AROUND EDGE OF PINNA BECOMES ERODED. TX- CLIP AND CLEAN USE SOLUTION NOTSCRUB. AB SALVE FLY REPELLANT |
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AURAL HEMATOMA
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POCKET OF BLOOD- PARTIAL OR COMPLETE
CAUSE- HEAD SHAKING DT OTITIS, EARMITES, FB TX- 1. ALLOW TO RESORB 2. ASPIRATE 3. MAMMARY TEAT DRAIN 4. SURGERY OUTCOME- BEST WITH SX TREAT PREDISPOSING CONDITION |
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CORNEAL ULCER
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PERFORATION OF THE CORNEA
INFECTION-USU BACTERIAL TRAUMA KCS- HARDENS POST OP- ESP KETAMINE ENTROPIAN-CHOW SHARPEI ECTROPIAN- BASSET HOUNDS' SYMPTOMS- PAIN AT FIRST BLEPHAROSPASM, RUBBING EYE DX- FLOURESCEIN STAIN TX- AB OINTMENT, 3RD EYELID FLAP SX. PAIN MEDS NO CORTICOSTEROIDS OUTCOME= GOOD BUT CAN BE SLOW TO HEAL |
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CATARACTS
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DEHYDRATION/ CRYSTALLIZATION OF THE LENS
LOOKS LIKE CLOUD, STEAM CAUSE- OLD AGE, CONGENITAL, DIABETES, OCULAR INJURY, INFECTION SYMPTOM- CLOUDY IRREGULAR SPOT IN THE EYE DX- R/O NUCLEAR SCLEROSIS TX- 1. NOTHING 2. SX REMOVAL OUTCOME- PERMANENT UNLESS REMOVED. MAY IMPAIR VISION |
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LENTICULAR/ NUCLEAR SCLEROSIS
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NORMAL AGING- BLUE HAZE
DOES NOT IMPAIR VISION |
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RETROBULBAR ABSCESS
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POCKET OF PUS BEHIND GLOBE OF EYE.
SYMPTOM- EYE BULGES OUTWARD, DRAINING FISTULA UNDER EYE. PAINFUL, MAY HAVE DIFFICULTY OPENING MOUTH. IMPAIRED EYE MOTILITY CAUSE= INFECTION, FOXTAIL, TOOTH ROOT ABCESS, EXTENSION OF NASAL SINUS INFECTION DX= PE, ASPIRATION OF PUS TX- DRAIN THRU ROOF OF MOUTH AB, EYE OINTMENT OUTCOME= GOOD W/ TX |
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KERATITIS CONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA/ KCS
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INFLAMMATION OF THE CORNEA AND CONJUNCTIVA AS A RESULT OF DRYNESS, INADEQUATE TEAR PRODUCTION
CAUSE- GENETIC, CHRONIC CONDITIONS, EYELID DEFORMITY, OLD AGE, SULFA DRUGS BREEDS- BERNESE, SWISS MOUNTAIN DOGS, PYRANESE SYMPTOMS= THICK DISCHARGE, RED, MAY BE PAINFUL, SCARRED, CORNEA LOOKS HAZY IN ADVANCED STAGES DX- SCHIRMER TEAR TEST TX- OPTIMMUNE, CYCLOSPORINE, CLEANING, ARTIFICIAL TEARS OUTCOME- CAN BE MANAGED |
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CONJUNCTIVITIS
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INFLAMMATION OF THE CONJUNCTIVA
CAUSE- INFECTION, URI, ALLERGY, TRAUMA, FB, IRRITATION, SYMPTOMS- OCULAR DISCHARGE, RED SWOLLEN PAINFUL CONJUNCTIVA DX- HX, PE TX- CLEANING, AB, +/-STEROIDS |
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GLAUCOMA
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INCREASED INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE CAUSED BY INADEQUATE DRAINAGE OF AQUEOUS HUMOR DUE TO NARROWED IRIDOCORNEAL ANGLE OR OVERPRODUCTION OF VITREOUS HUMOR.
CAUSE- BREED PREDISPOSITION- BOXER, BEAGLES, BOSTONS, COCKERS PRIMARY VS SECONDARY GLAUCOMA, CONGENITAL SYMPTOMS- PAIN, BLEPHAROSPASM, CLOUDY CORNEA, DILATED UNRESPONSIVE PUPIL, SCLERAL REDNESS, PART OR COMPLETE LOSS OF VISION, BUPTHALMOS( SWOLLEN BULGING EYE) DX- INTRA OCULAR PRESSURE, BY DIGITAL PRESSURE OR TOMOMETER TX- USU REFERRED MIOTICS-CONTRACT PUPIL, IRIS AND DECREASE IOP CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS- SLOWS PRODUCTION OF HUMOR OSMOTIC DIURETIC- DRAWS FLUID OUT OF CELLS OUTCOME= VARIED |
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CANINE REPRODUCTION
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MATING STAGES
MOUNTING/EJACULATION- FE WILL ONLY ACCEPT IN TRUE ESTRUS. ONLY TAKES A FEW SECONDS TIE- BULBOUS GLANDIS SWELLS.UP TO 45 MIN. ESTROUS CYCLE-EVERY 6 MONTHS 1. ANESTRUS-QUIET STAGE, LONG 2. PROESTRUS- UTERUS PREPARES FOR OVULATION, VULVA SWELLS, BLEEDING 2-6 WKS ESTRUS- OVULATION, FE ACCEPTS MALE, LESS OR NO BLEEDING. BREED AT 4TH AND 11TH DAY. 3-6 WKS METESTRUS- PROGESTERONE INCREASES, ESTROGEN DECREASES, WHITISH DISCHARGE PROGESTERONE PERPETUATES PREG.IF NOT PREG- ANESTRUS. EACH STAGE AVERAGES 3 WEEKS EXCEPT ANESTRUS |
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FELINE REPRO
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SEASONALLY POLYESTRUS- FALL AND SPRING
INDUCED OVULATORS IF NO CONTACT WITH MALE- CYCLE LASTS 5-10 DAYS OUT OF HEAT THEN BACK IN IF MAKES CONTACT- REMAINS IN HEAT UP TO TEN DAYS CAN BE IMPREGNATED BY SEVERAL MALES. LORDOSIS- HEAD DOWN, BUTT UP MATING- 5-10 SECONDS FEMALE BECOMES AGRESSIVE, PERFORMS POST-COITAL ROLL |
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PYOMETRA
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PUS FILLED UTERUS
OLDER DOGS AND CATS NOT SPAYED 4-8 WKS POST ESTRUS CAUSE- HORMONALLY MEDIATED SYMPTOMS= FEVER, DEPRESSION, PU/PD, DEHYDRATION, +/- DISCHARGE, TENDER ABD OPEN- PUS DISCHARGE FROM VULVA CLOSED-NO DISCHARGE. MORE DANGEROUS, CAN GO INTO SEPTIC SHOCK DX- HX, PE, CBC, RAD, US. NO CYSTO!! TX- OVH PROSTAGLANDIN THERAPY IF BREEDING BITCH |
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ECLAMPSIA
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MILK FEVER
LACTATING FE BECOMES HYPOCALCEMIC W/I 7-10 DAYS OF LACTATION CAUSE- LOW CALCIUM. LITTER SIZE NOT A FACTOR SYMPTOMS= FEVER, WEAKNESS, TREMBLING, CONVULSIONS DX- BLOOD CA. R/O INFECTION TX- IV CALCIUM, REMOVE OFFSPRING, |
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MASTITIS
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TRAUMA TO MAMMARY GLANDS FROM NURSING OR RETAINED MILK
OCCURSIN DOGS, CATS, FERRETS AND RABBITS SYMPTOMS= INFLAMMED, RED, SWOLLEN PAINFUL MAMMARY GLANDS. CAN PROGRESS TO SYSTEMIC INFECTION. WARM TO TOUCH, REFUSE TO NURSE DX- HX, PE, CBC TX- ABS HOT COMPRESS, TREAT SEPTICEMIA, REMOVEOFFSPRING. W/TX- 7-14 DAYS RECOVERY |
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MAMMARY TUMORS
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MORE COMMON IN DOGS
IF SPAYED BEFORE 1ST HEAT-5% AFTER 1 HEAT-8% AFTER 2- 26%OCCURENCE RATE UNKNOWN CAUSE DX- HX, PE, FNA, BX, CHEST RADS TX- SX, CHEMO, PAIN MEDS OUTCOME- EUTH. PAINFUL POST SX |
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MONORCHID/
CHRYPTORCHID |
ONE/BOTH TESTICLES NOT DESCENDED.
CAUSE- GENETIC? CAN CAUSE TESTICULAR CANCER, PROSTATE DS. TX- SX |
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BRUCELLOSIS
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ET- BACTERIA- BRUCELLA CANIS
ZOONOTIC TRAN- ALL MUCOUS MEMBRANES, FOMITES INC A.CONTAMINATION BY ABORTION OR COPULATION B. MACHROPHAGES ATTACK AND TRANSPORT TO LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND GENITAL TRACT C.1-4 WEEKS BACTEREMIA DEVELOPS- LASTS 6-64 MONTHS D. MAY LOCALIZE IN 1. INTERVERTEBRAL DISKS 2. EYES 3.KIDNEY SYMPTOMS= REPRO DISORDERS DX= BLOOD TITERS- ABS, BLOOD, URINE AND SEMEN TX- REMOVE FROM BREEDING, ABS FORLIFE, COMBO THERAPY PREVENTION- TEST ALL BREEDERS |
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CYSTITIS
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INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER WALL
CAUSES- SINGLE OR COMBINED 1. BACTERIA-E.COLI, STAPH, STREP A. PSEUDOMONAS B. URINE STAYING IN BLADDER C. GLUCOSE D. TRAUMA TO BLADDER IE SX E. OBSTRUCTED URETHRA SYMPTOMS HEMATURIA, DYSURIA, POLLAKIURIA, OMNIURIA, FRUITY URINE ODOR. RESTLESS, CRYING. DX= HX, PE, U/A. C&S TX- FLUIDS AFTER UA IF PERSISTENT CAUSES- BLADDER TUMOR, UROLITHS, DX- CONTRAST RADS, ULTRASOUND TX- SX HIGHLY MALIGNANT- MET TO SPINE- TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA. SYMPTOMS= INTRACTABLE CYSTITIS, PROSTATIC CANCER, PROSTRATIC HYPERTROPHY (NEUTER CORRECTIVE) DX- RADS, US, BX, STONE ANALYSIS TX- SX, PAIN MEDS, DIET TENDS TO RECUR |
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LOWER URINARY TRACT DISEASE (LTUD) WAS FUS
ALWAYS AN EMERGENCY!!!!!! |
LOWER URINARY TRACT DISEASE OF CATS THAT CAUSES URETHRAL OBSTRUCTION. CAUSES MAY BE SINGLE, MULTIPLE, INTERACTING OR UNRELATED.
SIG- 99% NEUTERED MALE CATS 3-8 YRS OLD CAUSES OBSTRUCTIVE MATERIAL A. PLUGS- GELATINOUS W/ CELL DEBRIS, BACTERIA, EPITHELIALS B. UROLITHS- CRYSTALS FACTORS DIET FEEDING METHOD- DONT FREEFEED FEED WET FOOD WATER INTAKE ACIDITY LEVEL STRUVITE CRYSTALS LIKE BASIC CA OXYLATE LIKE ACIDIC URINE PH MG CONTENT TRAUMA TO SPINE, BLADDER HX OF BACTERIAL CYSTITIS SYMPTOMS URGENCY TO URINATE HARD BLADDER- UREMIA FREQUENT TRIPS TO BOX CRYING, STRAINING DX- HX, PE, UA RADS BLOOD TX- RELIEVE OBSTRUCTION- CATHETER. OPEN VS CLOSED ABS, PAIN MEDS, STEROIDS IF REALLY BAD, FLUIDS, PERINEAL URETHOSTOMY FOR RECURRING OR STUBBORN CASE |
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RENAL DISEASE
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RENAL DISEASE= PRESENCE OF RENAL LESION OF ANY SIZE, DISTRIBUTION OR CAUSE
RENAL FAILURE= KIDNEY NOT ABLE TO FUNCTION TO SUSTAIN ORGAN LIFE. NEED 25% NEPHRONS END STAGE=COMPLETELY GONE. SCAR TISSUE OR ABNORMAL LESIONS UREMIA=URINE IN BLOOD-TOXICITY.BUN AND CREATININE HIGH, ELECTROLYTES OFF. WILL SHOW SIGNS. 911!! AZOTEMIA= INCREASE OF UREA NITROGEN AND PROTEIN IN BLOOD. NO CLINICAL SIGNS CAUSES PRE RENAL- DECREASED RENAL PERFUSION DT HEART, SHOCK,DIURETICS, POISON RENAL= STRUCTURAL OR FUNCTIONAL ABNORMALITY OF THE KIDNEY. TUMOR, INFECTION, CONGENITAL, STONES, TRAUMA, OLD AGE EXTRA (POST) RENAL= CAUSED BY SOMETHING PREVENTING URINE FROM LEAVING THE BODY. URETHRAL OBSTRUCTION, STRICTURE, UROLITHS. ARF- ACUTE RENAL FAILURE CRF=CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE SYMPTOMS= PU/PD, DEHYDRATION, WEAKNESS, VOMITING, ANOREXIA, UREMIA DX= BLOOD( INCREASED BUN,CREATININE) , URINE. US, KIDNEY BX. BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS TO EVALUATE ACIDOSIS. URINE CULTURE |
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ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
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CATS USU 8 OR OLDER
MOST COMMON CAUSE OF DEATH IN CATS ET- IMMUNOLOGIC, TUMOR, CANCER, NEPHROTOXINS, INFLAMMATORY OR INFECTIOUS CONDITION. HEREDITY, OLD AGE SYMPTOMS= PU/PD,VOMITING WITH UREMIA, DEHYDRATION. WEAK, ANOREXIC, DIAHRREA, ANEMIA- LESS ERYTHROPOETIN PRODUCED- RBCS NOT PRODUCED. BLEEDING ULCERS IN STOMACH- UREMIA SG LOW. CHANGES IN ELECTROLYTE BALANCE. LOW K- HEART ORAL ULCERS FROM URINE TOXINS- FRUITY AMMONIA SMELL LOW TEMP BLOOD PCV-ANEMIA WBC-INFECTION SERUM-HIGH BUN AND CREATININE ELECTROLYTES OFF URINE US-SHAPE AND SIZE OF KIDNEYS, CYSTS STONE? DX- GENERALIZED NEPHRITIS, GLOMERULO NEPHRITIS, PYELONEPHRITIS TX= IV FLUIDS ABS, ANTACIDS, DIET-MOD PROTEIN. BLOOD TRANS IF ANEMIC, EPOGEN. KIDNEY TRANSPLANT - MUST BE FREE OF INFECTION, NOT TOO SICK. DAILYSIS. CLIENT EDUCATION!! |
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PNEUMONIA
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INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNG TISSUE
MOSTLY DOGS, YOUNG AND OLD CAUSES= INF ORGANISMS, USU BACTERIAL. INHALATION/ASPIRATION, HYPOSTATIC (SETTLING OF BLOOD) PRE-DISPOSING FACTORS INC. PRIMARY INF, VOMITING, REDUCED CONCIOUSNESS, THORACIC TRAUMA, DRUGS, CONTAMINATED ENDO TUBE, PULMONARY DS. CATS WITH FELV, FIV SYMPTOMS= ANOREXIA, FEVER, DEEP LOW COUGH, INC WBC, DYSPNEA, SEROUS OR MUCOPURULENT NASAL D/C, OPEN MOUTH BREATHING. CAN BE ACUTE OR CHRONIC STABLE=TX AT HOME UNSTABLE= HOSP CRITICAL= O2 THERAPY DX= HX, RADS, TRANSTRACHEAL WASH, BRONCHOSCOPY, FECAL TO R/O PARASITES IN PUPS. TX= ABS, SUPPORTIVE CARE, NEBULIZER. COUPAGE. NO COUGH SUPPRESSANTS!! OUTCOME= HIGHLY VARIABLE. |
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FELINE ASTHMA
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ALLERGIC RX CAUSING BRONCHIOSPASMS
CAUSE= PARASITIC, SEASONAL, STRESS SYMPTOMS= COUGHING, WHEEZING, INC PHLEGM. CAN HAVE OPEN MOUTH BREATHING DX= AUSCULTATION-MOIST CRACKLING, RADS(DONUT), CBC. R/O OTHER DS. ENDOSCOPY, TRANSTRACHEAL WASH TX- STEROIDS, ANTIHISTAMINES, BRONCHODILATORS, REDUCE STRESS OUTCOME= CHRONIC BUT MANAGABLE |
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PNEUMOTHORAX
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ACCUMULATION OF FREE AIR IN THE PLEURAL CAVITY CAUSING LUNGS TO COLLAPSE.
CAUSES- PENETRATING CHEST WOUNDS, EXCESSIVE POSITIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION. OPEN VS CLOSED SYMPTOMS- NONE TO DYSPNEA, DIMINISHED BREATH SOUNDS, CYANOSIS, RESP ARREST, INC RESONANCE TO PERCUSSION. ABD BREATHING TX= HX, AUSCULTATION, RADS. TX= THORACOCENTESIS, CHEST DRAIN. REST, O2 THERAPY OUTCOME= VARIABLE |
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HEMOTHORAX
HYDROTHORAX PYOTHORAX CHYLOTHORAX |
ALL DECREASE LUNG CAPACITY-SPACE OCCUPIED BY FLUID
BLOOD-TRAUMA WATER-CHF, DROWNING, CIRCULATORY, SHOCK PUS-INFECTION, CHEST WOUND INTESTINAL LYMPH-TRAUMA, NEOPLASIA SYMPTOMS= RAPID SHALLOW BREATHING, ABD BREATHS,TIRE EASILY, WEAK DX= AUSCULTATION, RADS, THORACOCENTESIS TX= ABS. O2, TREAT EXISTING CONDITION |
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BRONCHITIS, TRACHEITIS, LARYNGITIS
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INFLAMMATION FROM INF, IRRITATION, ALLERGIC RX,
SYMPTOMS- COUGH, SNEEZE, WHEEZE, INC RESP SECRETIONS DX- HX, PE, RADS- ELICIT COUGH.TT WASH, R/O HEART DS TX= ABS, COUGH SUPPRESSANT, STEROID, REST, HUMIDIFIER OUTCOME- MAY BE CHRONIC OR RECURRING |
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PULMONARY EDEMA
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ACCUMULATION OF EXTRAVASCULAR FLUID IN THE ALVEOLI OF THE LUNGS RESULTING IN INC CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY.
CAUSES= CARDIAC- INSUFFICIENCY NON CARDIAC- SMOKE INHALATION, ELECTROCUTION, ALLERGIES, ANAPHYLAXIS, HIGH ALTITUDE, HEATSTROKE, FLUID OVERLOAD SYMPTOMS= RESP DISTRESS, ANXIETY, CRACKLING LUNG SOUNDS. CATS- OPEN MOUTH BREATHING. COUGH- DRY OR FOAMY AND BLOODY.ABNORMAL HEART SOUNDS. WON'T LAY DOWN. DX= HX, PE, AUSCULT LUNGS AND HEART, RADS- DV OK. DO NOT STRESS TX= O2 THERAPY, DIURETICS, ABS, RESTRICT SODIUM, REDUCE STRESS, NO IV FLUIDS, CAN TAP CHEST IF FREE FLUID OUTCOME- VARIABLE |
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TRACHEAL COLLAPSE
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RINGS OF TRACHEA WEAKEN- COLLAPSE AND STENOSE. YORKIES, TOY BREEDS, OLDER DOGS.
SYMPTOM= GOOSE HONK COUGH- MAY PRESENT CHOKING. CAN BECOME HYPERTHERMIC DX= HX, PE, RADS, TRACHEAL PALPATION, TX= RESTRICT ACTIVITY, USE HARNESS. SX AVAILABLE OUTCOME= CHRONIC BUT MANAGEABLE. |
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COMPENSATORY ACTIVITY
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IN RESPONSE TO LOW BLOOD VOLUME/FLOW
BODY CONSERVES BLOOD TO RAISE HR 1. CRONOTROPIC ACTIVITY- RATE CAN BECOME TACHYCARDIA 2. BLOOD VESSELS CONSTRICT- HYPERTENSION 3. KIDNEYS RETAIN SALT, FLUID. INC LOAD ON HEART OVER TIME- HEART ENLARGES- CARDIOMEGALY MUSCLES STRETCH- HYPOTENSION FLUID BACKS UP TO INTERSTITIAL SPACES- EDEMA |
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CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
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INABILITY OF HEART TO ACT AS EFFECTIVE PUMP. VENTRICLES CANT PUMP BLOOD TO ARTERIAL CIRCULATION. DECREASED CARDIAC OUTPUT, INC BLOOD PRESSURE, LEADS TO COMPENSATORY ACTIVITIES AND EVENTUALLY HEART FAILURE.
TYPES LEFT SIDED- BLOOD FROM LUNGS CANT GET PAST L VENTRICLE RT SIDID= BLOOD FROM BODY CANT GET PAST RT VENTRICLE BILATERAL- BOTH SETS CAUSES- CONGENITAL OR ACQUIRED VALVE ABNORMALITY, HW DISEASE, CARDIOMYOPATHY( COMMON IN CATS, LG BREED DOGS- MUSCLE OF HEART. DOG-MUSCLES THIN AND WEAKEN, CAT-THICKEN), CONGENITAL HEART DEFECT, HYPERTHYROIDISM, RENAL FAILURE( BOTH CAUSE HYPERTENSION) SYMPTOMS= HYPOTHERMIC, WEAK OR PULSE DEFICIT, HEART MURMER. MUSCLE ATROPHY RS-PITTING LIMB EDEMA, ASCITES(FREE FLUID IN ABD), HEPATOMEGALY, ICTERUS LS= RESP DISTRESS, COUGING, DYSPNEA, PULMONARY EDEMA, EXCERCISE INTOLERANCE DX= AUSCULT, RADS, EKG, US TX= MODIFY COMPENSATORY ACTIVITY. DIET AND EXCERCISE LOOP DIURETICS- PREVENT ABSORBTION OF FLUID AT LOOP OF HENLE DIGOXIN- SLOWS RATE/VOLUME, ENALAPRIL-DILATES ARTERIES AND VEINS. NITROGLYCERIDE PASTE- DECREASES BP L SIDED HF- BRONCHODILATORS |
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PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS(PDA)
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POODLES COLLIES POMS SHEPHARDS
THE FETAL VESSEL FAILS TO CLOSE BLOOD FLOWS FROM AORTA TO PULMONARY ARTERY AND RT VENTRICLE. SYMPTOMS= MACHINERY MURMER, LACK OF ENERGY, CYANOSIS AS O2 REQUIREMENTS INCREASE. "LAZY PUP" CAN DIE 2-6 WEEKS UP TO 18 MOS DX= AUSCULT, US TX= SX OUTCOME= GOOD FOR SX DEAD IF NO TX |
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PULMONIC STENOSIS
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NARROWING OF PULMONARY SEMILUNAR VALVE BETWEEN PULMONARY ARTERY AND RT VENTRICLE.
SYMPTOMS= NONE AT FIRST XCEPT MURMER ON RT SIDE. THEN RS CHF SIGNS, FATIGUE AND DYSPNEA DX= AUSCULT, US, EKG TX= VALVULOTOMY OUTCOME= W/O SX MAY DIE BY 3 |
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AORTIC STENOSIS
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NEWFIES SHEPS
NARROWING OF AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVE BETWEEN LEFT VENTRICLE AND AORTA SYMPTOMS= MURMER ON L SIDE, MAY FAINT DX, TX SAME AS PULMONIC STENOSIS |
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VENTRICULAR SEPTIC DEFECT
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ENGLISH BULLDOG
HOLE OR TEAR BETWEEN VENTRICLES SYMPTOMS- NONE WITH MURMUR OR LS CHF DX= AUSCULT, US EKG ST- NONE IF NO SYMPTOMS SX IF NEEDED-BYPASS OUTCOME= GOOD W/ SX |
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PERSISTENT AORTIC ARCH
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CONGENITAL- BRANCHES OF AORTA CIRCLE THE ESOPHAGUS
SYMPTOMS= VOMITS SOLIDS AFTER EATING DX= HX, RADS, ESOPHOGRAM, ENDOSCOPY TX= FEED GRUEL ELEVATED. AT RISK FOR ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA OUTCOME= GOOD W/ SX |
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CIRCULATORY REVIEW
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1ST HEART SOUND-LUB- CLOSING OF AV VALVES DURING SYSTOLE(ACTIVE CONTRACTION)
2ND SOUND- DUB- CLOSING OF AORTIC AND PULMONARY VALVES DURING LATE SYSTOLE, EARLY DIASTOLE(RELAXATION AND DILATION) RT AV VALVE- TRICUSPID L AV VALVE-MITRAL TWO CUSPS AORTIC AND PULMONARY- 3 CUSPS |
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CARDIAC CYCLE- ONE HEART BEAT
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VENTRICLES RELAX, DEC PRESSURE
SEMILUNAR VALVES IN PULMONARY ARTERIES AND AORTA FORCED SHUT AV VALVES OPEN, BLOOD ENTERS VENTRICLES CONTRACTION IMPULSE ACTS ONATRIA- FILLS VENTRICLES VENTRICULAR CONTRACTION AV VALVE CLOSE, SEMILUNAR VALVES OPEN ATRIAL DIASTOLE- FILLS ATRIA WITH BLOOD FROM VENA CAVA VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE |
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ANEURISM
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SAC FORMED BY DILATION OF WALL OF VESSEL OR HEART, WALL THINS AND DILATES.
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CIRCULATORY ROUTE
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BLOOD FROM BODY> VENA CAVE> RT ATRIUM> RT AV VALVE> RT VENTRICLE> RT SEMI-LUNAR VALVE> PULMONARY ARTERY> ALVEOLI> PULMONARY VEINS> L ATRIUM> L AV VALVE> L VENTRICLE> L SEMI LUNAR VALVE> AORTA> BODY
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PROPTOSIS
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COLLAPSED EYE
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