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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the rules of the 04s and the 09s?
which one is the carnassial? |
04 = canine
09s = first molar carnassial = last upper PM and 1st lower molar |
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what % of cats show evidence of tooth resorption?
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75%
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what does dentine consist of? describe its anatomy
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it is 70% inorganic and 30% organic.
- covered by enamel on crown and cementum on root - 40 to 50 000 tubules/mm2, each containing odontoblastic process and sensory nerve |
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what is the difference between primary, secondary and tertiary dentine?
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primary is present at tooth eruption, secondary is deposited with wear and tear, and tertiary is laid in response to trauma.
--> yellow/brownish colour when tertiary and will not come off with scale and polish |
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how often is cementum produced?
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constantly produced in life
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what is the thickness in enamel in cats vs dogs?
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cats 0.2 mm
dogs 0.5 mm |
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what does pulp consist of?
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blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves, odontoblasts, pulp canal/chamber if multirooted teeth
- aka endodontic system |
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how does pulp differ in young and old
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in young it is open at the root apex. by 1 years of age it has decreased to an apical delta
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what is the apical delta?
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10-20 small passages containing vessels and nerves from pulp going to tissues in periodontal space
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what is the cribiform plate?
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= walls of the alveolus that is seen as lamina dura (dense line) on radiography
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how deep is the gingival sulcus in cats vs dogs?
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in cats it is 1mm deep while in dogs it is 4mm deep
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what are the constituents of the periodontum (4)?
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cementum, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone and gingiva
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what is the furcation?
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is the junction between roots of each teeth (e.g. in teeth that have more than one root)
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what is the blood supply to the mandibular teeth?
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vie inferior alveolar artery that is a branch of the mandibula artery. it exits at the mental foramina and here branches to mental arteries
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what local anaesthetic do you use for nerve blocks and which blocks do you perform?
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mandibular, mental (use middle foramina) and infraorbital nerve block
use bupivicaine or mepivicaine |
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what are the 2 main reasons behind exposed dentine being painful?
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1) due to fluid movemnets within dentinal tubules that irritate the nerve endings deeper within the pulp tissue
1) drying of exposed dentine irritates odontoblastic processes lying within dentinal tubules resulting in pain |
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how many teeth does a puppy vs. adult dog have?
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puppy 28, adult 42
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what is the deciduous formula for a dog?
at what age do the incisors, canines and premolars erupt? |
I3/3, C1/1, PM3/3, M0/0
incisors erupt at 5-6 weeks as do the premolars. the canines erupt at 4 weeks |
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what is the adult dental formula for a dog? at what age do the permanent teeth erupt?
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I3/3, C1/1, PM 4/4, M2/3
incisors and canines erupt at 3 months, pm at 4mo and molars at 5mo |
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how many teeth does a kitten have? how many teeth does an adult cat have?
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kitten has 26 teeth - adult has 30
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what is the dental formula of a kitten? of an adult?
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I3/3, C1/1, PM 3/2, M0/0
I3/3, C1/1, PM3/2, M1/1 |
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at what vibration do ultrasonic scalers work?
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at 20-40kHz longitudinal vibration which together with water results in cavitation = disruption of calculus
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why should you not put the ultrasonic scaler under gum?
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because you will burn the gum
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where should you put the prophy paste cup?
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under gum margin - but watch because if overdo it will heat and get attrition of the enamel.
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what sizes of round bur and taper fissure bur do you want?
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round bur: 1, 2 and 4
taper fissure bur 700L and 701L |
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what is a luxator used for?
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to break periodontal ligament. rotate it around the tooth, if you bend it, it will break because made of soft metal
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what is an elevator used for?
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with rotational leverage is used to loosen tooth. it is stouter than a luxator and made of stronger metal. a winged elevator is a luxator and elevator combined
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what scalpel blade sizes do you want?
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size 11 and 14 - use before elevator and luxator
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what direction do you use hand scaler?
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from rot to crown. can use in crevices and cracks. DO NOT USE SUBGINGIVALLY
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what is periosteal elevator used for?
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to raise muco-periosteal flap and free up gingival margins for suturing
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what x-rays do you routinely take in dental cases?
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parallel and bisecting angle.
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describe the pathogenesis of periodontal disease
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indivisual host immune response to disease in oral cavity (primarily plaque) --> periodontal disease
bacteria colonise the plaque. these are both aerobes and anaerobes. as oxygen consumption progresses, anaerobes take over and periodontal pockets form from tissue destruction by bacterial toxins |
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what does periodontitis result in?
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irreversible loss of periodontal ligament
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what does plaque consist of? what is mineralised plaque called?
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75% organic - food, 25% inorganic (calcium and phosphate) - glycoproteins glue it onto mouth
CALCULUS + mineralised plaque |
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how is gingivitis induced?
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via plaqure or due to FIV, autoimmune disease or burns
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what are the 5 grades of periodontal disease?
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0 = normal
1 = gingivitis 2 = <25% attachment loss 3 = 25-50% attachment loss and gingival recess 4 = severe disease with <50% attachment loss - lose teeth spontaneously GRADE 4 TEETH MUST BE EXTRACTED |
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how is gingivitis diagnosed?
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by clinical signs, degree of it, probing, gingival recession, degree of furcation exposure and tooth mobility
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what is a
1) supra bony pocket 2) infra bony pocket 3) pseudopocket |
1) ST only
2) pocket with destroyed alvoelar bone 3) hyperplastic gingiva (boxer) |
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when will gingiva appear normal but infact are not?
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when gums are receded adn there has been horizontal bone loss - root is exposed but appears normal
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what does degree of furcation exposure measure? what is grade 3?
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it measures horizontal bone loss. grade 3 exposure can pass through furcation from buccal to lingual surface
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what is grade 3 tooth mobility?
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more than 1mm vertical and horizontal movement
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what should you do before scaling and polishing an anaesthetised animal?
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rinse mouth with 0.12% chlorhexidine
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why is subgingival scaling required?
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because if not performed are only doing a cosmetic job!
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which animals require perioperative antimicrobial treatment for a dental procedure and why?
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those that have heart problems, liver or renal disease, FIV etc because dentistry results in a transient bacteraemia
- use amoxicillin, clindamycin or metronidazole for a few days orally before procedure and don't forge tpain management post op |
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what are the risks in particular with dentistry?
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the GA (aspiration, infection dissemination, jaw fracture) and hypothermia with all the water
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which tooth is prone to caries?
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first molar of lower jaw (carnassial on mandible)
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what should you do if you find the maxillary canine is infront of its mandibular counterpart?
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remove it - otherwise mandible will not grow
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what should you do prior to extractions or exodontic work?
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scale and polish
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describe the procedure of removing a tooth (one rooted)
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use 15 blade, then luxator - rotate around ligament. elvator as far in as it will go and rotate - hold in rotated position for 10 to 15 seconds to weaken ligament. if no space for elevator, make channel with roun bur - may need to elevate gingive to remove tooth. check alveolus for rough edves and remove shards and flush alveolus with saline or 0.12 chlorhex before closing with 4/0 or 5/0 monocryl with reverse cutting needle
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what do you need to do in order to remove a multi rooted tooth?
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you need to section with a tapered fissure bur from furcation point towards the crown. can elevate gingiva to help locate furcation point: use periodontal probe to locate it and extract difficult portions first
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how do you remove a canine?
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scale and polish as usual, then block with bupivicaine. use 15 blade to make flap incision from last incisor to 1st or 2nd premolar. raise flap with periosteal elevator and remove bone over canine root with round bur. create channel around tooth along length for elevator. insert elevator and rotate. once loose, lift the tooth out of its socket without tipping it medially or laterally. flush with saline and replace flap with monocryl 4/0 or 5/0.
LINGUAL APPROACH FOR MANDIBULAR CANINE |
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which tooth is commonly affected by FORLS?
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mandibular PM3
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what is the pathogenesis of forls?
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lose root cementum which progresses to dentine and then coronal dentine: enamel eventuallye aten away and replcaed by shiny red granulation tissue. eventually tooth fractures off and get undulating gum line. odontoclast resorb the tooth root
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what is a FORL type I lesion? what is a FORL type II lesion?
what proportion of the population have type I and type II lesions? |
on radiography
type 1: root is present 40% of pop have this lesion type 2: roots are hard to see, they are ghosted. periodontal ligament space not clear and gingivitis is present. 60% of cats have type 2 |
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how do you treat type I vs type II FORLS?
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TYpe I
- standard extraction Type II - coronal amputation: don't retrieve roots. use 11 blade and make flap on either side, bur to alveolar crest and suture |
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what other form of treatment is available for FORLS by specialist? what is success rate?
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can use dentine binding agents for small agents but only 20% success rate - 80% failure rate!
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what is the aetiology of feline chronic gingivostomatitis?
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aberrant immune response to low level plaque antigen
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what are some of the causes of feline chronic gingivostomatitis?
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feline calicivirus, FeLV, FIV, feline herpes, stress, gram negative anaerobes
more common in purebreds |
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what is seen histologically for feline chronic gingivostomatitis?
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submucosal infiltration of plasma cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils - palatoglossal folds and cheek teeth mucosa most markedly inflamed
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how is feline chronic gingivostomatitis diagnosed?
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swab for FCV, FeLV/FIV serology and rule out metabolic disease such as CRF, DM and rule out FORLS
- blods increase in serum globulins and hypergammaglobulinaemia |
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how is feline chronic gingivostomatitis treated?
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if FCV positive: give interferon subgingivally or subcut
otherwise treat: with 20 days antibiotics. then scale and polish and extract as needed and use chlorhexidine gel daily alternative: remove all cheek teeth can also use methylpred every 2 to 3 weeks until remission and then every 6 weeks as palliative treatment |
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what proportion of cats improve with radical teeth extraction with regards to gingivostomatitis?
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87% improve, 50% resolve
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which diet tends to be good for feline stomatitis cases?
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butchers choice cat food and hills a/d - help cats in remission
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what are some of the perioperative complications of feline gingivostomatitis?
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- flap dehisce
- anorexia and pain - hypothermia 3 weeks later will get drooling and continued pain |
