Slwk230 Chapter 4

Front 1

5 stages of perception

Back 1

1. stimulation
2. organization
3. interpretation-evaluation
4. memory
5. recall

Front 2

perception

Back 2

process by which you become aware of objects, events, and people through your 5 sense
it is an active, not passive process

Front 3

stage one: stimulation

Back 3

senses are stimulated through selective perception, and you expose yourself through selective exposure

Front 4

stage two: organization (three types)

Back 4

organize what your senses pick up:
rules: proximity/physical closeness; similiar things/people belong together; things occuring at the same time belong together; contrasting things don't belong together

schemata: mental templates that help your organize your memory

scripts: type of schema, general idea of how an event should unfold: eating at a restaurant

Front 5

stage three: interpretation-evaluation

Back 5

subjective, greatly influenced by your experiences, needs, wants, values, beliefs of how it should be
influenced by your rules, schemata, and scripts (and gender)
ex: women view others more positively than men

Front 6

stage four: memory

Back 6

preceptions and their interpretations-evaluations are stored so you can retrieve them later

Front 7

stage five: recall

Back 7

likely to recall info that is consistent with your schema, vice versa

Front 8

implications of the model of perception

Back 8

shortcuts to remember, but don't always help bc they made help your forget things inconsistent with your schemata
what your recollect will be highly subjective
schematas and scripts are created on the basis of your own cultural beliefs: ethnocentricity

Front 9

perceptual processes

Back 9

self-fulfilling prophecy
implicit personality theory
perceptual accentuation
primacy-recency
consistency
attribution

Front 10

self-fulfilling prophecy

Back 10

a prediction that comes true because you act on it as if it were true
ex: thinking the girl at the register is rude/nice and speaking to her as if she were rude/nice then in return she is rude/nice

Front 11

pygmalion effect

Back 11

teachers had students that were supposed to do exceptionally well but were actually late-bloomers, then they did well

Front 12

implicit personality theory

Back 12

the system of rules that tells you which characteristics go with which other characteristics
ex: someone is intelligent because they are energetic and eager but there's no logical reason to assume that

Front 13

halo effect

Back 13

a function of the implicit personality theory; if you believe a person has some positive qualities you're likely to infer that she also has other positive qualities
also a reverse effect

Front 14

perceptual accentuation

Back 14

leads you to see what you expect or want to see
ex: poor children guess the size of coins to be larger than the rich children; hungry people need fewer visual cues to see food objects and terms than people who aren't hungry

Front 15

primacy-recency

Back 15

what comes first has the most influence: primacy effect
what comes last (or most recently) has the most influence: recenty effect
ex: more positive: intelligent, industrious, impulsive, critical, stubborn, envious
less positive: envious, stubborn, critical, impulsive, industrious, intelligent

Front 16

consistency

Back 16

the tendency to maintain balance among perceptions or attitudes

Front 17

attribution theory

Back 17

the process you go through in trying to understand people's behaviors, particularly the reasons or motivations for the behaviors, it helps you improse order and logic to better understand the possible causes of the behaviors you observe. also helps you make predictions about what people are likely or unlikely to do

Front 18

self-attribution

Back 18

in the case of your own behaviors

Front 19

attribution processes

Back 19

consensus: similarity with others
consistency: similarity over time
distinctiveness: similarity in different situations
controllability: behavior control

Front 20

consensus

Back 20

do other people behave in the same way as the person on whom i'm focusing? is it in accordance with the majority?

Front 21

consistency

Back 21

ask if this person repeatedly behaves in this way

Front 22

distinctiveness

Back 22

ask if this person reacts in similar ways in different situations. yes-low distinctiveness, the behavior has inner cause

Front 23

controllability

Back 23

ask if this person could control their behavior or not
ex: being late for 2 reasons: subway broke or couldn't stop reading

Front 24

self-serving bias

Back 24

a mechanism designed to preserve self-esteem that seems pervasive throughout the general population
ex: taking credit for the positive and denying the negative, the positive was your doing the negative was out of your control

Front 25

overattribution

Back 25

tendency to single out one or two obvious characteristics of a person and attribute everything that person does to those characteristics
ex: sally has difficultly forming relationships bc her parents were alcoholics

Front 26

fundamental attribution error

Back 26

occurs when you overvalue the contribution of internal factors and undervalue the influence of external factors. tendency to conclude that people do what they do because that's the kind of people they are not because of the situation
ex: sarah is late, you assume it's because she's irresponsible not because of traffic

Front 27

ways to increase accuracy in interpersonal perception

Back 27

analyze perceptions: recognize your cognitive role
check your perceptions
reduce uncertainty
increasing cultural sensitivity: be sensistive to cultural differences

Front 28

perception checking

Back 28

further explore the thoughts and feelings of the other person not proving your initial perception