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291 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Saprophytic organisms
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Organisms that grow on organic matter
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Genera of Cutaneous Mycoses (3)
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Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, Microsporum
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Source of nutrition for Cutaneous Mycoses (and implication)
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Source: keratin
Implication: Infections localized to hair/skin/nail where keratin is found, and do NOT invade underlying nonkeratinized tissue |
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Description of Tinea pedis
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Athlete's foot: Initial infection between toes with possible spreading to nails
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Description of Tinea corporis
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Ringworm: Advancing annular rings with scaly centers, active fungal growth at periphery of the ring, lesions normally in nonhairy areas of the trunk
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Tinea capitis
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Scalp ringworm: scaling patches, may involve the entire scalp with excessive hair loss
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Tinea cruris
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Jock itch: Similar to ringworm, but lesions occur in groin area, upper thigh and genitals
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Tinea unguium
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Onychomycosis: Nails are thickened, discolored and brittle
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Locations of subcutaneous mycoses infections and sources
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Locations of infection: dermis, subcutaneous tissue and bone
Sources: soil and decaying or live vegetation |
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Methods of subcutaneous mycoses infection
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Methods of infection: traumatic lacerations or puncture wounds
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Sporotrichosis Symptoms
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Symptoms: granulomatous ulcer at the puncture site, secondary lesions along draining lymphatics, yeast form seen in infected tissue, filamentous form seen in culture
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Causative organism of Sporotrichosis
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Sporothrix schenckii
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Cutaneous mycoses Treatment (3)
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Treatment:
1) Removal of infected skin 2) Topical antifungals: miconazole or clotrimazole 3) Oral antifungals: griseofulvin and itraconazole |
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Sporotrichosis Treatment
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Treatment:
1) Oral itraconazole |
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Chromomycosis Symptoms
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Symptoms: Warty nodules that spread slowly along lymphatics and develope crusty abscesses
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Chromomycosis Treatment
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Treatment:
1) Difficult 2) Surgical removal of small lesions 3) Antifungals: itraconazole and terbinafine |
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Mycetoma Symptoms
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Symptoms: Localized abscess typically on feet that discharges pus, serum and blood, can spread to bones, presence of colored grains (black, white, red or yellow)
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Mycetoma Treatment
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Treatment
1) Surgical excision 2) No effective chemotherapy |
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Dimorphic fungi mechanism of infection
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Mechanism of infection
1) Host inhales airborne spores 2) Primary pulmonary infection (typically asymptomatic) 3) Dissemination to rest of body |
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Coccidiodomycosis Causative Organism
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Coccidiodes immitis
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Coccidiodomycosis endemic local
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Endemic local: arid SW USA (CA, NV, AZ, NM, TX), Central America, South America
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Disseminated Coccidiodomycosis symptoms
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Symptoms: lesions in bone and CNS (causing meningitis)
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Coccidiodomycosis Lab ID
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Lab ID
1) By culture (dangerous: lab infection) 2) Histeopathology 3) Serology-antibody and antigen |
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Histoplasmosis Causative Organism
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Causative Organism: Histoplasma capsulatum
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Histoplasmosis Endemic Local
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Endemic Local: Central North America, particularly Ohio and Mississippi River valleys
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Histoplasmosis risk areas
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Risk areas: soil with high nitrogen content (areas with bat or bird droppings)
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Histoplasmosis Mechanism of Infection
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Mechanism of Infection
1) Inhaled into lungs 2) Engulfed by macrophages 3) Multiplication within macrophages 4) Dissemination |
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Histoplasmosis Dissemination Targets
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Affected Organs: Bone marrow, skin, CNS, adrenals, liver and lymph nodes
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Histoplasmosis Lab ID
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Lab ID
1) Culture from blood or tissue 2) Antigen/antibody detection |
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Blastomycosis Causative Organism
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Causative Organism: Blastomyces dermatitidis
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Blastomycosis Symptoms
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Symptoms: pulmonary infection (possibly asymptomatic), dissemination to skin, bones, organs or CNS
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Blastomycosis Lab ID
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Lab ID
1) Thick walled yeast cells (in vivo) 2) Direct microscopy 3) Culture of sputum, lung biopsy 4) No serology |
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Blastomycosis Endemic Local
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Endemic Local: Mississippi and Ohio river valleys, great lakes region extending into canada, extending east through VA, NC, SC and northern AL, GA
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Paracoccidiodomycosis Causative Organism
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Causative Organism: Paracoccidiodes brasilensis
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Paracoccidiodomycosis Endemic Local
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Endemic Local: Central/South America
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Paracoccidiodomycosis Symptoms
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Symptoms
1) Pulmonary infection (Commonly asymptomatic) 2) Most common secondary site of infection is mucosa of mouth and nose, characterized by destructive lesions 3) 90% of symptomatic disease occurs in males |
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Paracoccidiodomycosis Lab ID
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Lab ID:
1) Pilot or mariner's wheel morphology at 37 degrees 2) Culture sputum or tissues 3) Serology |
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Candidiasis Causative Organism
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Causative Organism: Candida albicans
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Candidiasis Symptoms
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Symptoms:
1) Oral thrush, vulvovaginitis, esophagitis, diaper rash 2) Can involve GI tract, kidneys, liver, spleen, blood, UT, RT, heart, eye 3) Opportunistic Pathogen |
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Candidiasis Lab ID
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Lab ID
1) Culture |
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Cryptococcocis Causative Organism
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Causative Organism: Cryptococcus neoformans
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Cryptococcocis Risk Areas
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Risk Areas: Soil with bird droppings, especially pigeon droppings
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Cryptococcocis Lab ID
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Lab ID
1) Thick capsule observed by India ink |
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Cryptococcocis Symptoms
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Symptoms: mild lung infection, can disseminate to brain and meninges, opportunistic pathogen (normally)
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Aspergillosis Causative Organisms
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Causative Organisms: Lots of different species from genus Aspergillus, most common is Aspergillus fumigatus
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Aspergillosis Symptoms
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Symptoms:
1) Superficial - Otomycosis, onchomycosis, keratitis 2) Invasive - pulmonary aspergillosis that can lead to hemoptysis (blood in sputum) 3) Disseminated disease - contiguous spread or hematogenously (spread via blood), very high mortality rate 4) Opportunistic Pathogen |
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Aspergillosis Allergies
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Allergies
1) Chronic sinusitis 2) Hypersensitivity pneumonitis 3) Chronic immune response can lead to destruction of airways |
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Aspergilloma
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Fungus ball - mass of hyphae, needs to be surgically removed, possibly asymptomatic, but possibly deadly
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Aspergillus Lab ID
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Lab ID
1) Direct examination of tissues, radiating chains of septate hyphae with 45 degree branching 2) Culture 3) Detection of Aspergillus galactomannan antigen in serum |
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Mucormycosis Causative Organism
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Causative Organism: Rhizopus
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Mucormycosis Symptoms
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Symptoms: Begins in nasal mucosa or sinuses and progresses to orbits, palate and brain. VERY aggressive and fatal. Opportunistic infection concurrent with diabetes and leukemia
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Mucormycosis Treatment
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Treatment
1) Surgical debridement 2) High dose amphotericin B |
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Mucormycosis Lab ID
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Lab ID
1) Detection of non-septate hyphae in tissue 2) Culture (wooly colony) |
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Pneumocystis jiroveci Symptoms
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Symptoms: hypoxemia, pneumonia, primarily in HIV patients
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Pneumocystis jiroveci Lab ID
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Lab ID
1) Direct microscopy 2) Lacks ergosterol 3) Can NOT be cultured |
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Pneumocystis jiroveci Treatment
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Treatment
1) Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim |
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Amebic dysentery Symptoms
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Symptoms: Bloody diarrhea, flask-shaped ulcers, liver abscesses, brain abscesses
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Amebic dysentery Causative Organism
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Causative Organism: Entamoeba histolytica
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Amebic dysentery Diagnosis
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Diagnosis: Isolate organisms from stool, serlogical tests. Motile tropozoites or cysts.
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Amebic dysentery Treatment
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Treatment: iodoquinol, paramomycin, or diloxanide furoate. Severe cases are treated with metronidazole and chloroquine or diloxamide furoate or emetine.
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Amebic dysentery Transmission
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Transmission: Ingestion of contaminated food/water. Cysts are resistant to Clorine
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Giardiasis Causative Organism
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Causative Organism: Giardia lamblia
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Giardiasis Symptoms
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Symptoms: Watery diarrhea, flattened villi
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Entamoeba histolytica Mechanisms
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Mechanisms: Secretes potent proteases, lyses inflammatory cells
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Giardiasis Diagnosis
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Diagnosis:
1) Isolate cysts or trphozoites in stools. Binucleate trophozoite with four flagella or four-nucleate cyst. 2) ELISA test for Giardia antigen |
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Giardia lamblia Transmission
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Transmission: Ingestion of contaminated water. Natural reservoirs include most mammals and birds. Typically associated with campers/backpackers drinking untreated water. Does NOT invade tissue, lives in lumen. Cysts are resistant to Chlorine
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Giardiasis Treatment
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Treatment: Metronidazole
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Cryptosporidiosis Causative Organism
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Causative Organism: Cryptosporidium
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Cryptosporidiosis Symptoms
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Symptoms: Watery diarrhea, stomach crams. Opportunistic pathogen, strikes mostly immunocompromised patients.
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Cryptosporidiosis Diagnosis
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Diagnosis: Isolate from stool, identified by acid fast staining
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Cryptosporidiosis Treatment
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Treatment: Paromomycin (not always effective)
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Trichomoniasis Causative Organism
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Causative Organism: Trichomonas vaginalis
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Trichomoniasis Symptoms
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Symptoms: UTI, copious, yellowish, malodorous discharge.
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Trichomoniasis Risk Factors
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Risk factors: Primarily sexually transmitted. Abnormally high alkalinity of vagina.
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Trichomoniasis Diagnosis
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Diagnosis: Detection of motile trophozoites in vaginal or urethral secretions, can be cultured. Pear-shaped flagellates with undulating membranes.
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Trichomoniasis Treatment
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Treatment: Metronidazole
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Malaria Causative Organisms
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Causative Organism: Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax
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Malaria Symptoms
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Symptoms: Persistent high fever and orthostatic hypotension, capillary obstruction
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Malaria Diagnosis (general and species differentiation)
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Diagnosis:
1) Detection of parasite inside RBC, look for rings in RBC on Giemsa stain 2) Determine species involved P. falciparum: no liver involvement, targets old and new RBC (50%+ RBC have parasite), faster acting, banana shaped gametocytes in blood, infected RBCs microagglutinate, only trophs/gametocytes in blood smear P. vivax: liver involvement, Less than 3% of RBC infected |
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Malaria Transmission
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Transmission: Infected mosquito or needle penetrates skin. Sporozoites migrate to liver and transform into cyst like structures containing merozoites. Rupture spills merozoites into blood where they colonize RBCs and cause them to rupture. Some merozoites become gametocytes and are picked up by a mosquito.
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Malaria Treatment
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Treatment:
1) Primaquine against exo-erythrocytic forms (liver and blood). 2) chloroquine, quinine artemisinin, mefloquine or pyrimethamine 3) Possible resistance |
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Toxoplasmosis Causative Organism
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Causative Organism: Toxoplasma gondii
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Toxoplasmosis Symptoms
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Symptoms: Necrosis of parenchymal and reticuloendothelial cells, blockage of blood vessels. Cysts can reside in muscle, brain and eye. Congenital infections can cause stillbirths, brain lesions, hydrocephaly and blindness. Primarily an opportunistic pathogen.
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Toxoplasmosis Diagnosis
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Diagnosis:
1) Detect parasite in tissues. 2) Serologic test utilizing IgG and IgM specific for Toxoplasma |
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Toxoplasmosis Transmission
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Transmission: Ingestion of oocyst present in cat feces and raw/undercooked meat (pork, lamb or venison) Primarily an intracellular infection (Type 1 immunity protective)
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Toxoplasmosis Treatment
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Treatment: pyrimethamine with sulfadiazine
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American Trypanosomiasis Causative Organism
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Causative Organism: Trypanosoma cruzi
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American Trypanosomiasis Symptoms
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Symptoms: Chagas disease, cardiomyopathy (very thin heart apex), megacolon, common in infants
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American Trypanosomiasis Endemic Regions
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Endemic Regions: Central and South America
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American Trypanosomiasis Transmission
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Transmission: insect feces contaminating the conjunctiva or a break in the skin. Infects any nucleated mammalian cell.
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American Trypanosomiasis Life Cycle (and human immunity)
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Life Cycle: Includes intracellular and extracellular stages. Th1 and CTL critically important for eradication (of intracellular stages). Antibodies protect against extracellular stages.
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American Trypanosomiasis Treatment
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Treatment: nifurtimox
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African Trypanosomiasis Causative Organism
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Causative Organism: Trypanosoma brucei
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African Trypanosomiasis Symptoms
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Symptoms: Primary lesion or chancre at bite location. Winterbottom's sign (swollen lymph nodes along the back of the neck)Lethargy, excessive sleeping.
T. brucei gambiense: slow to enter CNS T. brucei rhodesiense: Fast invasion of CNS |
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African Trypanosomiasis Life Cycle
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Life Cycle: Only extracellular stages, antibodies target, utilize VSG gene switching to evade the immune system
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African Trypanosomiasis Transmission
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Transmission: Tsetse fly bite
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African Trypanosomiasis Diagnosis
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Diagnosis:
1) Detection of motile trypanosomes in Giemsa-stained blood, CSF and lymph node aspirate smears 2) Serological tests available |
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African Trypanosomiasis Treatment
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Treatment:
1) Early stages - suramin or pentamidine 2) Late stages - Melarsoprol |
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Leishmaniasis Causative Organism
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Causative Organism: Leshmania
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Leishmania viannia brasiliensis Symptoms
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Symptoms: Mucocutaneous - lesions at the mucosal-dermal junctions of the nose and mouth
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Leishmania tropica Endemic Region
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Endemic Region: North and West Africa, Iran and Iraq
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Leishmania viannia brasiliensis Endemic Region
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Endemic Region: Central and South America, especially in the Amazon
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Leishmania donovani Endemic Region
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Endemic Region: India, East Africa and China
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Leishmania tropica Symptoms
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Symptoms: Cutaneous - Ulcerating single or multiple skin sores
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Leishmania donovani Symptoms
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Symptoms: Viceral - Infects macrophages, migrate to spleen, liver and bone marrow, causes jaundice
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Leishmaniasis Transmission
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Transmission:
1) Reservoir: wild rodents, dogs and humans 2) Bite from a sandfly (Phlebotomus or Lutzomyia) |
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Leishmaniasis Diagnosis
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Diagnosis: Examination of Giemsa-stained tissue/fluid for nonflagillated form (amastigote), serological testing
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Leishmaniasis Treatment
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Treatment:
First choice: Sodium stibogluconate Second choice: pentamidine and amphotericin B |
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Diphyllobothrium latum Symptoms
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Symptoms: B-12 deficiency, anemia, subtle demyelinative neurological symptoms
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Diphyllobothrium latum Natural Reservoirs
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Natural Reservoirs: Minnows -> Fish -> Bears
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Diphyllobothrium latum Type of Helminth
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Type of Helminth: Cestode (tape worm) - segmented worms that tend to live in the intestine
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Echinococcus granulosus Type of Helminth
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Type of Helminth: Cestode (tape worm) - segmented worms that tend to live in the intestine
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Echinococcus granulosus Symptoms
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Symptoms: Cysts in liver, lungs and brain
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Echinococcus granulosus Natural Reservoirs
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Natural Reservoirs: Dog, Sheep
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Taenia saginata Type of Helminth
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Type of Helminth: Cestode (tape worm) - segmented worms that tend to live in the intestine
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Taenia saginata Symptoms
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Symptoms: Mild - abdominal pain, diarrhea, headaches etc.
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Taenia saginata Natural Reservoirs
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Natural Reservoirs: Cattle
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Taenia solium Type of Helminth
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Type of Helminth: Cestode (tape worm) - segmented worms that tend to live in the intestine
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Taenia solium Symptoms
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Symptoms: Cysticercosis (cysts in the brain), cysts in other parts of the body
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Taenia solium Natural Reservoirs
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Natural Reservoirs - Pigs
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Clonorchis sinensis Natural Reservoirs
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Natural Reservoirs: fresh water fish, snails
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Clonorchis sinensis Type of Helminth
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Type of Helminth: Trematode - flukes - flat, leaf-like worms (1cm long)
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Clonorchis sinensis Common Name
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Oriental liver fluke
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Clonorchis sinensis Symptoms
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Symptoms - Biliary tract infection, fibrosis and hyperplasia
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Clonorchis sinensis Diagnosis
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Diagnosis - ID eggs in stool
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Clonorchis sinensis Treatment
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Treatment: praziquantel
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Paragonimus westermani Natural Reservoirs
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Natural Reservoirs: crabs, snails
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Paragonimus westermani Type of Helminth
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Type of Helminth: Trematode - fluke - small, flat, leaf-like worms
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Paragonimus westermani Symptoms
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Symptoms: Lung damage, secondary infections in lung cause bloody sputum
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Paragonimus westermani Diagnosis
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Diagnosis: ID eggs in sputum and stool
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Paragonimus westermani Treatment
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Treatment: praziquantel
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Schistosoma mansoni/japonicum Natural Reservoirs
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Natural Reservoirs: Snales
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Schistosoma mansoni/japonicum Type of Helminth
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Type of Helminth: Trematode - fluke - small, flat, leaf-like worms
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Schistosoma mansoni/japonicum Symptoms
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Symptoms: GI damage because of inflammatory response and proteolytic enzymes, Cor pulmonale, CNS damage, hepatosplenomegaly
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Schistosoma mansoni/japonicum Diagnosis
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Diagnosis: ID eggs in stool
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Schistosoma mansoni/japonicum Treatment
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Treatment: praziquantel
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Schistosoma haematobium Symptoms
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Symptoms: Infections in the veins of the bladder causing fibrosis, granulomas and hematuria
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Schistosoma haematobium Diagnosis
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Diagnosis: ID eggs in urine/bladder wall
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Schistosoma haematobium Treatment
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Treatment: praziquantel
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Onchocerca volvulus Symptoms
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Symptoms: subcutaneous nodules, pruritic skin rash, ocular lesions causing blindness
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Onchocerca volvulus Common Name
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Common Name: River Blindness
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Onchocerca volvulus Vector
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Vector: Blackfly Bite
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Onchocerca volvulus Diagnosis
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Diagnosis: Detection of microfilariae in skin biopsy
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Onchocerca volvulus Treatment
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Treatment: Ivermectin and/or surgery
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Toxocara canis Symptoms
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Symptoms: Infections of the liver, brain and eyes (caused by Larvae)
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Toxocara canis Natural Reservoir
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Natural Reservoir: dog, transmission via dog feces
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Toxocara canis Diagnosis
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Diagnosis: ID larvae in infected tissue
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Toxocara canis Treatment
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Treatment: mebendazole or thiabendazole
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Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi Common Name
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Common Name: Filariasis/Elephantiasis
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Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi Symptoms
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Symptoms: Edematous arms, legs and scrotum (blocks lymphatic flow)
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Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi Vector
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Vector: Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes
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Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi Diagnosis
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Diagnosis: ID microfilariae in blood
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Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi Treatment
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Treatment: diethylcarbamzine and abendazole
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Loa Loa Symptoms
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Symptoms: tracks on the skin, worms in they eye
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Loa Loa Vector
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Vector: deer flies
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Loa Loa Diagnosis
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Diagnosis: ID microfilariae in blood
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Loa Loa Treatment
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Treatment: diethylcarbamazine
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Loa Loa Common Name
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Common Name: African eye worm
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Dracunculus medinensis Symptoms
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Symptoms: Skin inflammation and ulceration
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Dracunculus medinensis Common Name
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Common Name: Guinea fire worm
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Dracunculus medinensis Transmission
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Transmission: Drinking water containing infected copepods
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Dracunculus medinensis Diagnosis
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Diagnosis: Finding head of worm in a skin lesion
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Dracunculus medinensis Treatment
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Treatment: Removal of subcutaneous worms (by winding them around a stick, or by surgery), may be up to 1m long
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Trichinella spiralis Symptoms
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Symptoms: Cysts in tissues
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Trichinella spiralis Transmission
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Transmission: Eating undercooked pork
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Trichinella spiralis Diagnosis
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Diagnosis: Locating coiled encysted larvae in muscle biopsy
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Trichinella spiralis Treatment
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Treatment: thiabendazole for early stages, no treatment for late stages
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Enterobius vermicularis Common Name
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Common Name: Pinworm Disease
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Most common helminthic infection in the United States
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Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm)
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Enterobius vermicularis Transmission
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Transmission: Ingestion of organism's eggs
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Enterobius vermicularis Symptoms
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Symptoms: Pruritus ani (irritation of the skin on the anus)
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Enterobius vermicularis Diagnosis
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Diagnosis: ID eggs present around the perianal region
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Enterobius vermicularis Treatment
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Treatment: mebendazole or pyrantel pamoate
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Ascaris lumbricoides Prevalence
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Prevalence: Second most common Helminth infection in United States, 1/3rd of world population is infected
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Ascaris lumbricoides Transmission
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Transmission: ingestion of soil containing eggs
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Ascaris lumbricoides Symptoms
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Symptoms: abdominal issues including intestinal obstruction
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Ascaris lumbricoides Diagnosis
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Diagnosis: ID characteristic eggs in stool
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Ascaris lumbricoides Treatment
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Treatment: mebendazole or pyrantel pamoate
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Ascaris lumbricoides Common Name
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Common Name: Roundworm Disease
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Trichuris trichiura Common Name
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Common Name: Whipworm Disease
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Trichuris trichiura Symptoms
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Symptoms: Abdominal pain, diarrhea, flatulence and rectal prolapse
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Trichuris trichiura Transmission
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Transmission: Ingestion of soil containing eggs
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Trichuris trichiura Diagnosis
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Diagnosis: ID characteristic eggs in stool
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Trichuris trichiura Treatment
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Treatment: mebendazole
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Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus Common Name
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Common Name: Hookworm Disease (Old and New world)
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Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus Symptoms
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Symptoms: anorexia, ulcer-like symptoms and chronic intestinal blood loss leading to anemia
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Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus Transmission
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Transmission: Direct skin penetration by larvae in soil
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Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus Diagnosis
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Diagnosis: ID characteristic eggs in stool
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Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus Treatment
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Treatment: mebendazole or pyrantel pamoate
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Strongyloides stercoralis Common Name
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Common Name: Threadworm disease
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Strongyloides stercoralis Symptoms
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Symptoms: Normally asymptomatic, but in immunocompromised patients can be deadly
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Strongyloides stercoralis Transmission
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Transmission: Direct skin penetration by larvae found in soil
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Strongyloides stercoralis Diagnosis
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Diagnosis: ID larvae in stool
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Strongyloides stercoralis Treatment
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Treatment: thiabendazole or invermectin
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Human papillomavirus Symptoms
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Symptoms:
1) Cutaneous warts on fingers, hands, foot, arms, face, knees, possibly leading to squamous cell carcinomas 2) Mucosal infections primarily on the genital tract 3) Primary cause of cervical cancer |
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Human papillomavirus Virus Type
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Virus Type:
1) DNA Virus 2) Non-enveloped 3) Double stranded circular genome |
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Human papillomavirus Diagnosis
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Diagnosis: Normally via visual inspection, confirmation by DNA hybridization reactions
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Human papillomavirus Treatment
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Treatment:
1) Surgical removal (Liquid Nitrogen, laser, cytotoxic chemicals) 2) Cidofovir applied topically 3) Interferon orally or injected |
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JCV Symptoms
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Symptoms: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in immunocompromised patients
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BKV Symptoms
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Symptoms: Cystitis in immunocompromised patients
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JCV/BKV Virus Type
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Virus Type:
1) DNA Virus 2) Non-enveloped 3) Double stranded circular genome |
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JCV/BKV Diagnosis
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Diagnosis:
1) Serological studies not good because most people have been exposed to JCV/BKV 2) DNA hybridization of BKV in urine or JCV in PML lesions in the brain are best |
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Adenovirus Virus Type
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Virus Type:
1) DNA Virus 2) Nonenveloped 3) Icosahedral 4) Double-stranded linear genome |
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Adenovirus Symptoms
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Symptoms:
1) Respiratory tract infection - acute febrile pharyngitis, cough, sore throat, nasal congestion and fever 2) Ocular disease - conjunctivitis or keratoconjunctivitis 3) Gastroenteritis 4) Other - hemorrhagic cystitis, left ventricular dysfunction |
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Adenovirus Diagnosis
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Diagnosis: Neutralization or hemagglutination inhibition using type-specific antisera. Or use ELISA.
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Adenovirus Treatment
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Treatment: No antivirals currently exist, vaccine exists for military use
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Parvovirus B19 Virus Type
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Virus Type:
1) DNA Virus 2) Nonenveloped 3) Icosahedral 4) Single-stranded linear genome |
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Parvovirus B19 Symptoms
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Symptoms:
1) Erythema infectiosum - Childhood rash - slapped cheek appearance 2) Acute arthritis in symmetrical joints 3) Birth Defects |
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Parvovirus B19 Transmission
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Transmission: Respiratory droplets
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Herpes Viruses Virus Type
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Virus Type:
1) DNA virus 2) Lipoprotein Envelope 3) Icosahedral capsid 4) Linear double stranded genome |
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Alphaherpesvirinae Characteristics (Replication speed, latency, and specific viruses)
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Characteristics:
1) Rapid, cytocidal growth cycle 2) Establish latency in nerve ganglia 3) Contains HSV-1, HSV-2 and VZV |
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Betaherpesvirinae Characteristics (Replication speed, latency, and specific viruses)
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Characteristics:
1) Slow replication cycle that forms characteristic multinucleated, giant host cells 2) Latency in nonneural tissues 3) Contains HCMV, HHV-6 and HHV-7 |
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Gammaherpesvirinae Characteristics (Replication speed, latency, and specific viruses)
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Characteristics:
1) Replicate in mucosal epithelium 2) Latency in mucosal epithelium 3) Induce cell proliferation in lymphblastoid cells 4) Contains EBV and HHV-8 |
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Herpes Viruses Site of Replication
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Site of Replication: Nucleus
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Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Mode of Transmission
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Mode of Transmission: Transmitted by virus release into saliva (kissing)
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Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Mode of Transmission
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Mode of Transmission: Transmission by genital tract secretions (sexual intercourse and newborn infections from birth canal)
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Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Symptoms
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Symptoms:
1) Normally subclinical 2) Gingivostomatitis in young children, pharyngitis or tonsillitis, cold sores. 3) Keratoconjunctivitis leading to corneal scaring and blindness 4) CNS infection leading to encephalitis |
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Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Symptoms
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Symptoms:
1) Painful vesiculoulcerative lesions on genitalia 2) CNS infection likely if passed on to newborn |
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Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1/2 Latency Locations
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Latency Locations:
Ganglion Type 1: Trigeminal ganglia Type 2: Sacral or lumbar ganglia |
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Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Recurrence Rate
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Recurrence Rate: Variable - none to several a year (less frequently than Type 2)
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Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Recurrence Rate
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Recurrence Rate: Frequent, monthly (more frequent than Type 1)
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Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1/2 Diagnosis
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Diagnosis: Lab ID not required in most cases, clinical diagnosis
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Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1/2 Treatment
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Treatment: Acyclovir, famciclovir and topical penciclovir
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Varicella-Zoster Virus Latency Location
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Latency Location: Sensory ganglia
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Varicella-Zoster Virus Common Names
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Common Names: Primary infection: Chickenpox, Reactivation: Shingles
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Varicella-Zoster Virus Mode of Transmission
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Mode of Transmission: Respiratory droplets
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Varicella-Zoster Virus Primary Infection Symptoms
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Symptoms: Exanthem, fever malasie, headache, abdominal pain
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Varicella-Zoster Virus Recurrent Infection Symptoms
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Symptoms: Clustered vesicular lesions on a single dermatome
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Varicella-Zoster Virus Treatment
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Treatment: Acyclovir, Famciclovir and Valacyclovir
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Human Cytomegalovirus Modes of Transmission
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Modes of Transmission: Virtually all body fluids
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Human Cytomegalovirus Latency Locations
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Latency Locations: monocytes and macrophages (other involved like kidneys)
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Human Cytomegalovirus Symptoms
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Symptoms: Generally mild in children, May result in Mononucleosis syndrome (mono), hepatosplenomegaly, rash, chorioretinitis, damage to liver, spleen and blood-forming organs
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Human Cytomegalovirus Treatment
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Treatment: Ganciclovir, cidofovir, foscarnet
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Human Herpesvirus type 6/7 Symptoms
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Symptoms: roseola infantum (exanthem subitum), acute febrile illness and febrile seizures (even in the absence of a rash)
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Human Herpesvirus type 6/7 Transmission
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Transmission: oral secretions, replicates in salivary glands
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Human Herpesvirus type 8 Symptoms
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Symptoms: Associated with Kaposi sarcoma
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Epstein-Barr Virus Symptoms
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Symptoms: Mononucleosis (Fever, Pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy), Burkitt lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma
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Epstein-Barr Virus Transmission
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Transmission: saliva
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Epstein-Barr Virus Lab ID
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Lab ID: Causes heterophile antibodies, those that agglutinate sheep/horse RBCs. Atypical lymphocytes
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Epstein-Barr Virus Treatment
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Treatment: Acyclovir for oral hairy leukoplakia
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Hepatitis B Genetic Material
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Genetic Material: Partial single, partial double stranded DNA that undergoes an RNA intermediate in replication
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Hepatitis B Proteins (4)
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Proteins:
1) Capsid protein (HBcAg) 2) Envelope protein (HBsAg) 3) multifunctional reverse transcriptase/DNA polymerase 4) Nonstructural regulatory protein (X protein) |
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Hepatitis B Transmission
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Transmission: Any contact with bodily fluids
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Hepatitis B Pathogenesis
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Pathogenesis:
1) Primarily hepatic cell destruction via cell-mediated immune response reacting with HBcAg or HBeAg 2) Immune complexes can form causing extrahepatic damage |
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Hepatitis B Symptoms
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Symptoms:
1) Acute liver disease - dark urine and jaundice, enlargement of liver 2) Cirrhosis 3) Liver cancer |
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Hepatitis B Progression Markers
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Progression Markers:
1) Appearance of viral antigens - HBsAg and HBeAg indicate an active infection 2) Viral DNA, viral DNA polymerase and virions 3) Antibodies to HBcAg 4) Antibodies to HBeAg 5) Antibodies to HBsAg |
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Fulminant hepatitis
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1) Extensive necrosis of liver
2) High fever, abdominal pain and eventual renal dysfunction, coma and seizures 3) Terminal in 8% of cases |
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Hepatitis D Genetic Material
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Genetic Material: Circular, single-stranded, negative polarity RNA genome
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Hepatitis D Protein
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Protein: Delta antigen
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Enterovirus Transmission
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Transmission: Ingestion of contaminated food or water, acid stable
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Enterovirus Symptoms
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Symptoms:
1) CNS disease 2) Acute aseptic meningitis syndrome 3) Conjunctivitis |
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Poliovirus Symptoms
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Symptoms:
1) Poliomyelitis - destruction of the lower motor neurons of the spinal cord and brainstem leading to flaccid weakness/paralysis |
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Poliovirus Vaccines
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Vaccines:
1) Salk (killed vaccine) 2) Sabin (live-attenuated vaccine) |
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Rhinovirus Common Name
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Common Name: Common-cold
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Rhinovirus Transmission
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Transmission: Via respiratory droplets or from hand contact
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Hepatovirus (HAV) Mnemonic
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Mnemonic: Asymptomatic (usually), Acute, Alone (No carriers)
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Hepatovirus (HAV) Transmission
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Transmission: Fecal-oral
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Hepatovirus (HAV) Symptoms
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Symptoms: Liver function significantly impaired
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Hepatovirus (HAV) Vaccine
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Vaccine: Exists as an inactivated virus
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Rotavirus Genetic Material
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Genetic Material: Double stranded RNA genome (+strand), segmented (allowing recombination if two viruses infect the same host cell)
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Rotavirus Replication Location
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Replication Location: Cytoplasm
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Rotavirus Transmission
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Transmission: Fecal-oral, very stable, acid resistant, may survive outside the human body
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Rotavirus Pathogenesis
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Pathogenesis:
1) Infects small intestine, mainly the jejunum 2) Villi shorten and atrophy 3) Epithelium degrades and cells Lyse |
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Rotavirus Symptoms
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Symptoms: Severe diarrhea, dehydration, malabsorption, intussusception (telescoping of the intestine)
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Rotavirus Diagnosis
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Diagnosis: Since symptoms are non-specific clinical diagnosis is not enough. Use ELISA test.
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Rotavirus Treatment
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Treatment: No current anti-virals, oral vaccine exists.
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Rubella Virus Common Name
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Common Name: German Measles
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Rubella Virus Genetic Material
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Genetic Material: + polarity RNA virus that is non-segmented (no recombination)
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Rubella Virus Transmission
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Transmission: Respiratory secretions
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Rubella Virus Symptoms
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Symptoms:
Children - 1) Fever, generalized rash unevenly distributed, often involves face 2) Occipital Lympthadenopathy Adults - 1) Mostly asymptomatic 2) Pregnant women can pass on accidentally to newborns Infant - 1) Fetal growth retardation 2) Deafness, Cataracts/blindness, Mental retardation/small brain, heart defects |
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Rubella Vaccine
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Vaccine: Live attenuated virus vaccine exists
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Rhabdovirus (Lyssavirus) Genetic Material
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Genetic Material: Single Stranded negative polarity RNA
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Rhabdovirus Protein
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Protein: Glycoprotein G - mediates neuron attachment/entry
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Rhabdovirus Transmission
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Transmitted: Transfered in saliva of bats, skunks, raccoons, cats, dogs and opossums
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Rhabdovirus Treatment
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Treatment: Post-inoculation vaccine
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Rhabdovirus Pathogenesis
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Pathogenesis:
1) Bite from animal 2) Enters nerve via Acetylcholine receptor 3) Replication in dorsal ganglion 4) Infection of CNS |
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Rhabdovirus Symptoms
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Symptoms:
1) Numbness/tingling at site of bite 2) After CNS involvement: Fevers, altered behavior, motor, memory, speech difficulties, difficulty swallowing, hallucinations, seizures, coma, death |
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Paramyxoviruses Genera
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Genera: Paramyxovirus, Rubelavirus, Morbillivirus
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Paramyxoviruses Structure/Genetic Structure
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Structure: Enveloped virus, Negative polarity SS RNA
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Parainfluenza Transmission
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Transmission: Respiratory secretions
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Parainfluenza Diseases
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Diseases: Flu-like illness, otitis media, Croup - Barking cough, noisy breathing, hoarse voice, wheezing
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Rubulavirus
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Transmission: Respiratory secretions
Disease: Mumps - flu-like illness followed by swollen parotid glands Progression: via bloodstream -> Can infect brain, pancreas and gonads |
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Morbillivirus
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Transmission: Respiratory Secretions
Disease: Measles - fever, sore throat, conjunctivitis, rash all over face/body, Koplik spots Spreads using the CD46 receptor on lymphoid tissue |
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Pneumoviruses
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Transmission: Respiratory secretions
Disease: Infects respiratory epithelial cells causing syncytia/cell death which clogs airways, fever, cough, copious nasal discharge, retraction of subcostal spaces |
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Filoviruses
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Marburg and Ebola
Filament shaped enveloped viruses Hemorragic fevers with bleeding into skin, eyes, GI, lungs Spreads by eating monkeys and fluid contact |
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Hantaan Virus
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Segmented RNA genome
Natural Reservoir: rodents (mice) Asian version: hemorragic fever with renal failure American version: hantavirus pulmonary syndrome -> fever, hypotension, pulmonary capillary leak, respiratory failure, low platelets |
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Arenaviruses
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Enveloped segmented RNA genome that is ambisensed
Natural reservoir: Rodents (mice) Disease: LCM (lymphocytic choriomeningitis), fever followed by meningitis North America, Africa/South America -> hemorragic fever syndromes |
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Human T-Lymphotropic Virus 1 (HTLV-1)
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Disease: T-cell leukemia
Transmission: Sexual, transfusion or vertical Oncogenesis: Tax, a viral regulatory factor that disregulates cellular genes |
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HIV-1 Types
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Three groups (M, O, N)
Clades (A-I) which are subdivisions of Group M, Clade B most common in North America/Europe |
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HIV receptors
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Receptor: CD4
Co-receptors: Cxcr4 (T-cells strains), Crc5 (macrophage/monocyte strains) |
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HIV Therapy
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HAART: Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy
Targets 2 or more different viral functions |
