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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is stuttering?
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having difficulty moving smoothly from one word to another to communicate a message
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Is stuttering a continuum or a discrete behavior? why?
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continuum: have more and less fluent movements, varies
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What is the difference between dysfluency and disfluency?
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dysfluency- disorder; synonomous with stuttering
disfluency- general disruption in the flow of speech |
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What qualities differentiate between dysfluency and disfluency?
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type, frequency, and amount of struggle to get speech out
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What key components would you include in a definition of stuttering?
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behaviors (repetions and prolongations), emotions (thoughts on their speech), loss of control of speech, and others' perceptions
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What is a stuttering moment?
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the time when a person stutters (time before and after the stutter are fluent)
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What is a stuttering event?
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the disfluent piece in the speech
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What are secondary coping behaviors?
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behaviors (speech and non-speech) that accompany or accessorize non-fluent speech
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How are secondary coping behaviors established?
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the stutterer realizes some behavior is linked to stuttering event so they keep doing it (operant conditioning)
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Why are secondary coping behaviors maintained?
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because of intermittment reinforcement
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What is cluttering?
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fluency disorder characterized by a rapid and/or irregular speech rate, excessive disfluencies (tend to be repetitions), and often other symptoms such as language problems or phonological errors and attention deficits
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True or false: People who clutter have no idea they are cluttering and stutters are aware of their stuttering.
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True
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What is propositionality?
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the meaningfulness/importance of a message, thought, or idea
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What is the mean age of stuttering? median age?
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mean = 5
median = 4 |
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When is generally the age of onset of stuttering?
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before age 6
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Can stuttering be acquired in adults?
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yes, as a result of neurological or psychological trauma
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What is the male/female ratio for stuttering at the preschool level? first grade? fifth grade?
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preschool- 2:1
first- 3:1 fifth- 4:1 |
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What is the prevalence (number who have disorder) of stuttering?
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.5 or 1% of a given population
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What is the incidence (number of cases who have ever stuttered in a lifetime) of stuttering?
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about 5% of population
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True or false: Children who stutter do not typically show delays in speech and language development.
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False: tend to show delays in these areas
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What are some concomitant disorders of children who stutter?
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-articulation/phonological disorder
-language/learning disability -subtle linguistic impairments -ADHD -intellectual disabilities/Down's syndrome -voice disorder |
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True or false: Those who stutter are typically more depressed, nervous, and/or anxious than the average population.
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false; no different, but some have poor self-concepts and low self-esteem (emotionally different)
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Stuttering runs in families and is at least partially governed by genetic factors. This is based on: (3 other factors)
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-elevated rate of stuttering in first-degree relatives
-existence of stuttering across generations -more monozygotic twins stutter than dizygotic twins; 75% of the time if one mono twin stutters, the other will too |
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What is the adaptation effect?
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progressive decrease in stuttering that occurs across multiple oral readings or repetitions of the same material
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What are some of the key features of the adaptation effect?
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-most adaptation occurs between the 1st and 2nd repetition/reading
-children and adults show the effect -adaptation occurs with word lists, reading passages, to some extent, spontaneous speech (if they say same thing each time) -5 repetitions/readings is usually enough to see the effect -decreased stuttering is also associated with decreases in muscle tension and improvements in physiological activity -during repeated readings, you may see the consistency effect |
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Does the adaptation effect work for everyone? What does this suggest?
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No, suggests:
-they have severe motor problems -have strong emotional or physiological basis for stuttering |
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What is the consistency effect?
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occurrence of stuttering on the same words or sounds across repeated readings
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What are some explanations for why the adaptation effect occurs?
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-an extinction or reduction of anxiety
-a reduction of the fear of speaking -reductions in the propositionality of the reading material -greater ease and facilitation of the motor plan and serial ordering of speech movements |
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Why would a person be more fluent in conversation than in reading?
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avoidance, clever to avoid amount of speech, situational
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Why would a person be more fluent in reading than in conversation?
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better with structure, less social aspect
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Why would a person stutter about the same in reading or conversation?
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-motor-based issue
-context doesn't matter -consisten pattern of stuttering |
