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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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"The voice is a barometer of our __________ and __________ health."
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-physical
-mental |
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The voice provides a view of what 4 things?
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-physical health
-emotions -personality -self-concept |
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What are aspects of a voice disorder?
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-pitch
-loudness -quality -flexibility |
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What is the most common perceptual feature for voice?
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hoarseness
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What is hoarseness?
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combination of breathiness (incomplete adduction) and asymmetical vibration of VFs
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What are the normal Hz for birth cry? pain cry? hunger cry?
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-birth: 300-400
-pain: 530 -hunger: 470 |
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What is the Hz range for boys and girls around age 7? adult men? women?
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-7yr olds: 270-290
-men: 120 -women: 220 |
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How does pitch change for men and women as they age?
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-men: rises (old)
-women: falls |
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What voice anatomy changes come with advancing age?
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-atrophy of intrinsic muscles of larynx
-loss of elasticity of ligaments -calcifications of laryngeal cartilages -some bowing of VFs |
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What does larynx mean?
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"box" or "chest"
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Where is the larynx located?
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from the superior end of the trachea to the hyoid bone
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Describe male and female VFs.
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-Male: 3/4 to 1" long. more massive. less tension.
-Female: 1/2-3/4" long |
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What is the laryngeal aditus?
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-aka laryngeal vestibule
-entrance into glottis |
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What is the laryngeal ventricle?
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-space between false and true VFs
-large number of mucous glands located here (secrete mucus to provide protection, keep tissue moist, reduce friction) |
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What is the space between the VFs? and how many parts does it have?
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-glottis
-3 parts (anterior, middle, posterior) |
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What do the anterior and middle 1/3's of the glottis make up?
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-membranous glottis (most contact occurs here; vocal nodules occur here)
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What does the posterior 1/3 of the glottis make up?
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cartlangenous glottis
-contact ulcers appear here (happens when you lower voice by shortening VFs which forces posterior 1/3 to make contact--this area irritates easily) |
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What type of tissue is located in the laryngeal ventricle?
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-psuedostratified columnar epithelium (tissue that has mucous glands)
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What type of tissue is located in the mouth, larynx, esophagus, and digestive tract?
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-stratified squamous epithelium (protects underlying organ/cavity)
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What are the 2 types of stratified squamous epithelium?
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-keratinized (cells that have died off)
-non-keratinized (not dead cells, not inside body, type inside larynx) |
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What is hyperkeratosis?
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disorder where there is too many keratinized cells in larynx (beginning stages of cancer
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Where is the hyoid bone located?
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about the 3rd cervical vertebra
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What is the main portion of the hyoid called?
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corpus (body of hyoid)
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What are the 2 extensions of the hyoid?
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-major cornu (extend posterior)
-minor cornu |
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What does the major cornua of the hyoid attach to?
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superior cornua of the thyroid cartilage
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What do the VFs attach to?
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thyroid notch (test movement of this during voice evals)
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what direction do the arytenoids rotate for adduction? abduction?
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adduction = anteromedial
abduction = posterolateral (rocking motion) |
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Where do the muscles of the VFs attach?
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on the vocal process of the hyoid bone
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What muscles attaches to the oblique line of the thyroid (elevated ridge)?
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sternothyroid and thyrohyoid muscles (extrinsic muscles of larynx)
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Name the 6 cartilages of the larynx.
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-thyroid
-cricoid -arytenoids -corniculate -cuneiform -epiglottis |
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Name the membranes of the larynx.
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-thyrohoid
-cricothyroid ligament and membrane -conus elasticus |
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Name the parts of the conus elasticus.
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-cricothyroid ligament
-2 lateral cricothyroid membranes |
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Where does the conus elasticus terminate at?
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the vocal ligament
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Name the types of intrinsic muscles of the larynx.
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-abductor
-adductors -tensor relaxer |
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Name the intrinsic muscles of the larynx.
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-posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA)
-lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA) -interarytenoids (IA: oblique and transverse) -cricothyroid -thyroarytenoid (vocalis and muscularis portion) |
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What is the only laryngeal abductor
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posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA)
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Where is the PCA located?
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posterior surface of the cricoid to muscular process of the arytenoid
(fan-shaped) |
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What is the antagonist muscle to the LCA and the IAs?
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PCA
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What type of muscle is the LCA?
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adductor (brings VFs together)
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Where is the LCA located?
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attaches to lower border of each arch of the cricoid cartilage and muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage
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What type of muscles are the IAs?
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adductors
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Name the IA muscles.
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-transverse arytenoids
-oblique arytenoids |
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Where are the transverse arytenoids (IAs) located?
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continuous set of muscle fibers from one arytenoid to the other
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Where are the oblique arytenoids (IAs) located?
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coarses from the muscular process of one arytenoid to the apex of the opposite arytenoid (creates an X pattern on posterior portion of cricoid cartilage)
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What type of muscle is the cricothyroid?
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tensor
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What are the 2 portions of the cricothyroid?
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-pars recta
-pars oblique |
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Where does the cricothyroid muscle attach?
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attaches to the cricoid and thyroid in the anterior portions
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Which larynx portions have lamina?
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-thyroid
-cricoid |
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Which muscles create medial VF compression?
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IAs (transverse and oblique arytenoids)
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Where does the thyroarytenoid: vocalis portion medial edge of the VF attach?
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attaches to the vocal process of arytenoid and to thyroid lamina, posteriorly
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What is the primary function of the thyroarytenoid vocalis portion medial edge of the VF? Secondary?
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-primary: creates minimal tension during phonation
-secondary: shifts voice to falsetta |
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Where does the muscularis portion of the thyroartenoid attach?
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attach to the vocal process of arytenoid and lateral edge of the thyroid. the muscles
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What are the functions of the muscularis portion of the thyroarytenoid?
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-tenses VFs for normal phonation (w/ vocalis)
-can also shorten the VFs to relax them and lower pitch |
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What are the types of extrinsic muscles of the larynx?
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-suprahyoids (raise larynx)
-infrahyoids (lower larynx) |
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Name the suprahyoid muscles of the larynx.
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-digastric
-mylohyoid -geniohyoid -stylohyoid |
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Names the infrahyoid muscles of the larynx.
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-sternohyoid
-sternothyroid -thyrohoid -omohyoid |
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Where does the anterior belly of the digastric muscle attach?
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to the lower jaw and then minor cornu of hyoid
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Where does the mylohyoid muscle attach?
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to all parts of hyoid and goes up to mandible
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Where does the posterior belly of the digastric muscle attach?
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to minor cornu and goes to mastoid process
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True or false: Tension in the extrinsic muscles of the larynx typically means there is tension in the intrinsic muscles.
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True
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What cranial nerves innervate the muscles of the larynx? AND tell if they innervate intrinsic or extrinsic muscles.
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-vagus (intrinsic)
-hypoglossal (extrinsic) -trigeminal (extrinsic) -facial (extrinsic) |
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What are the 3 branches of the vagus?
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-superior laryngeal (internal and external)
-pharyngeal -recurrent |
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What is the motor nuclei for CNs 9-11?
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nucleus ambiguus
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Which vagus branch innervates the muscles of the soft palate? AND what happens if this nerve is damaged?
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pharyngeal branch
-if damaged= hypernasality |
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What does the external branch of the superior laryngeal branch innervate? AND what happens if this is damaged?
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-innervates the cricothyroid muscle
-damage = monotone pitch |
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What does the recurrent branch innervate? AND what happens if this damaged?
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innervates all muscles (PCA, LCA, IA, TA) of the larynx except the cricothyroid
-damage = hoarseness |
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What type of input does the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve provide?
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motor (cricothyroid)
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What type of input does the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve provide?
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sensory (VFs)
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What type of input does the recurrent branch provide?
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motor and sensory (all but cricothyroid)
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What does the hypoglossal innervate?
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muscles of the tongue and infrahyoid muscles (geniohyoid, thyrohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, posterior belly of omohyoid)
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What is the ansa hypoglossal?
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loop that connects the cervical nerve to the branch of the hypoglossal nerve
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