Slpa 853 - Neurology - Brain And Language

Front 1

What is lateralization?

Back 1

processes located in one hemisphere

Front 2

How can brain functions be determined?

Back 2

by observing the effect of brain stimulation via electrodes

Front 3

What is the WADA test?

Back 3

-each hemisphere is tested is treated by injecting a short-acting anesthetic into the carotid artery
-for a few minutes, the involvement of each hemisphere in speech is tested

Front 4

Which hemisphere is typically the language processing center? AND about what percent of the total population is this side dominant for speech?

Back 4

-left
-90%

Front 5

What is the left side of the brain more specialized for the analysis of?

Back 5

the analysis of sequences of stimuli (speech signals are sequential, speech production is sequential)

Front 6

True or false: The right side is better at control of skilled voluntary movements.

Back 6

False: left side

Front 7

What is the right side of the brain more specialized for the analysis of?

Back 7

space and geometrical shapes and forms, and elements that are all present at the same time

Front 8

True or false: Asymmetry of the brain is both functional and anatomical.

Back 8

True

Front 9

Which lobes are larger in the speech dominant hemisphere?

Back 9

frontal and temporal lobes (also there are differences in the size of some populations of neurons in these regions)

Front 10

True or false: Interconnection of the neurons is lower in the area for language processing in the dominant side.

Back 10

False: higher

Front 11

What might interconnectivity of the cell clusters in the left hemisphere permit?

Back 11

may permit the fine-grained analyses necessary for speech recognition

Front 12

Language impairments are possible when the dominant hemisphere is intact: Damage to the right hemisphere look like?

Back 12

-makes it difficult for people to organize a narrative, selecting and assembling the elements of what the person wants to say
-impairs the interpretation of emotional expressions, tone of voice, words with double meanings, irony, and metaphors
-cause impaired prosody - rhythm and stress in speech production

Front 13

What is aphasia?

Back 13

involves impairment of speech production, comprehension of spoken or written language, and spelling (motor is intact)

Front 14

What is apraxia of speech?

Back 14

impaired ability to program articulatory movements to produce proper sequences of speech sounds, however with intact communication, spelling, and reading abilities

Front 15

What is dysarthria?

Back 15

speech production impairment at the level of articulatory movement execution, however, with intact comprehension, writing, and reading abilities (motor planning and programming intact)

Front 16

What is broca's aphasia?

Back 16

form of aphasia characterized by agrammatism, anomia, and extreme difficulty with speech articulation
-expressive aphasia

Front 17

What are characteristics of broca's aphasia?

Back 17

-difficulty expressing intact thoughts
-slow, laborious speech
-nonfluent speech
-word mispronunciation
-word finding difficulty, especially function words (i.e., some, in, about)
-expressive agrammatism
-receptive agrammatism

Front 18

What is expressive agrammatism?

Back 18

the use of correct sentence structure and correct morphemes is impaired

Front 19

What is receptive agrammatism?

Back 19

impaired ability to use grammatical information, including word order

Front 20

What are the three primary deficits of broca's aphasia in hierarchical order? AND where is the damage located at for each?

Back 20

-articulation (motor control, motor planning, apraxia--damage to insular cortex)
-anomia (programming--damage to broca's area)
-agrammaticism (word order--damage to broca's area)

Front 21

What is wernicke's aphasia?

Back 21

-a form of aphasia characterized by poor speech comprehension and fluent but meaningless speech
-receptive aphasia

Front 22

What are characteristics of wernicke's aphasia?

Back 22

-fluent and unlabored speech production
-word finding difficulties, but rather than silence during search, substitution with "wrong" words or neologisms (made up words)
-no awareness of deficit in production or comprehension
-no impairment of social conventions, turn taking in conversations

Front 23

What are the 3 primary deficits of wernicke's aphasia? AND where is the damage located at for each?

Back 23

-recognition of spoken words (damage to primary audiory cortex or wernicke's area)
-comprehension of meaning of words (damaage to posterior language area)
-converting thoughts into words (damage to posterior language area)

Front 24

True or false: Wernicke's aphasics respond well to treatment. AND explain answer.

Back 24

False: rarely respond
-have severe difficulties with comprehension yet often remain unaware that they are having difficulties and become annoyed or frustrated when others can't seem to understand them

Front 25

Describe transcortical sensory aphasia.

Back 25

-similar to wernicke's
-intact connection between wernicke's and broca's area (arcuate fasciculus) enables correct word repetition
-thus, they can recognize words. however, they cannot comprehend the meaning of what they hear and repeat, nor can they produce meaningful speech of their own

Front 26

Where is the damage located for transcortical sensory aphasia?

Back 26

damage of the posterior language area

Front 27

What does the Hebb rule say?

Back 27

says: when interconnected neurons are repeatedly activated synaptic connections grow stronger

Front 28

Describe conduction aphasia.

Back 28

-meaningful and fluent speech, fair comprehension, however very poor repetition of words and sentences

Front 29

What do the characteristics of conduction aphasia indicate about the arcuate fasciculus?

Back 29

-indicates that the arcuate fasciculus plays an important role in the auditory short-term memory (phonological loop)

Front 30

Where is the damage located for conduction aphasia?

Back 30

arcuate fasciculus

Front 31

What are the characteristics of anomic aphasia?

Back 31

-form of aphasia that almost only consists of difficulty with word finding
-fluent speech
-comprehension good
-circumlocutions to compensate for anomia

Front 32

What are the 6 different types of aphasia?

Back 32

-broca's
-wernicke's
-transcortical sensory
-transcortical motor
-conduction
-anomic

Front 33

What area of the brain represents neural processes involved with the comprehension of nouns?

Back 33

activity in the temporal lobe

Front 34

What area of the brain represents the neural processes directly involved with thinking of appropriate actions and the associated verbs?

Back 34

frontal lobe

Front 35

List the basic route for comprehension.

Back 35

ears -> wernicke's area -> association areas

Front 36

List the basic route for fluency.

Back 36

association areas -> broca's area -> articulators

Front 37

List the basic route for repetition.

Back 37

ears -> wernicke's area -> broca's area -> mouth (direct pathway via arcuate fasciculus)

Front 38

List the aphasia types that effect comprehension.

Back 38

-wernicke's
-transcortical sensory aphasia
-mixed transcortical
-global

Front 39

List the aphasia types that effect fluency.

Back 39

-broca's
-transcortical motor aphasia
-mixed transcortical
-global

Front 40

List the aphasia types that effect repetition.

Back 40

-wernicke's
-conduction
-broca's
-global

Front 41

Does anomia effect comprehension, fluency, or repetition?

Back 41

No