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142 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 2 major divisions of the nervous system?
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-central nervous system (CNS)
-peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
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What is the CNS made up of?
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-brain
-spinal cord |
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What is the PNS made up of AND name the make up of those components?
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PNS: -somatic nervous system (afferent and efferent nerves)
-autonomic nerous system (afferent nerves...and efferent nerves --parasympathetic NS and sympathetic NS) |
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Which direction do afferent nerves send messages? efferent?
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afferent- going to the CNS
efferent- going away from the CNS |
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True or false: The cranial nerves are part of the CNS.
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false
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What is another name for anterior?
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rostral
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What is another name for posterior?
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caudal
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The top of the brain is what directionally? the bottom?
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top = dorsal
bottom = ventral |
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Name and define the anatomical planes of the CNS.
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- sagittal- divides brain into right and left (also parasagital = off-center)
-coronal (frontal)- divides brain into anterior/ posterior -axial (horizontal or transverse)- divides brain into upper and lower |
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Describe the somatic nervous system.
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-controls muscle action, gland secretion
-some afferent (sensory) info back to CNS |
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Name and describe the parts of the autonomic nervous system.
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-parasympathetic- "digestion", calms system down (energy conservation)
-sympathetic- "fight or flight", energizes system (energy expenditure) |
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Define nerve.
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collection of axons outside CNS
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Define tract.
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collection of axons inside CNS
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Define nucleus.
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collection of cell bodies inside CNS
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Define ganglion.
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collection of cell bodies outside CNS
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How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? AND what is the make-up of these?
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31 pairs (an afferent and efferent)
-8 cervical -12 thoracic -5 lumbar -5 sacral -1 coccygeal |
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How many types of cranial nerves are there? AND what are the types?
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3 types
-motor only -sensory only -mixed |
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What are the 3 major parts of the brain?
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-forebrain
-midbrain -hindbrain |
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What are the 5 parts of the brain on an embryological basis?
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-telencephalon
-diencephalon -mesencephalon -metecephalon -myelencephalon |
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What is the telencephalon composed of?
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-cerebral cortex
-basal ganglia -limbic system |
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What are the 5 cerebral lobes?
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-frontal
-parietal -occipital -temporal -insular cortex |
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Describe the cerebral cortex.
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-outer layer of density packed cells
-6 layers, highly organized |
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Why are there convolutions on the brain?
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-CNS develops as a surface
-folding is a way of fitting more surface area in a given volume |
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Grey matter?
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-cerebral cortex
-cell bodies |
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White matter?
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-tracts that connect parts of nervous system
-myelin (myelin sheath --fat-- makes it white) |
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What does the motor homunculus tell us about the face and hands?
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they have many nerves/cells because of fine motor movement
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What are Fritsch and Hitzig associated with?
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the dog studies
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What is the major portion of the brain?
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cerebrum
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What are sulci?
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small grooves in the cortex
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What are fissures?
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large grooves in the cortex
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True or false: The terms sulcus and fissure are used interchangeably.
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true
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What are bulges in the cortex called?
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gyri
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What is the largest fissure in the brain?
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longitudinal fissure
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What are 4 major sulci in the brain?
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-longitudinal fissure
-central sulcus (divides frontal and parietal lobes) -lateral sulcus (Sylvian) -parieto-occipital |
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What is the frontal lobe responsible for?
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-judgement
-reasoning -intellectual functioning -personality -abstract thinking and long term memory |
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What are the motor areas of the frontal lobe?
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-primary motor area (PMA) (motor strip---anterior to central sulci)
-supplementary motor area (SMA-6) |
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Describe Broca's area.
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-inferior frontal gyrus
-only in one hemisphere, usually left |
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What is Broca's Aphasia?
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-speech nonfluent
-dysprosody -apraxia -dysarthria -comprehension better than production |
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What is dysprosody?
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abnormal pitch and intonation
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What is apraxia?
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motor planning problem
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What is dysarthria?
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-weak muscles
-planning is present but muscles cannot execute it |
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Describe the temporal lobe.
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-inferior to lateral sulcus
-hearing center: located in upper half of anterior two thirds of temporal lobe -primary auditory area -secondary auditory area |
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What is the primary auditory area?
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-located in temporal lobe
-specific tone discrimination -loudness -quality of sound |
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What is the secondary auditory area?
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-located in temporal lobe
-interprets the meaning of the spoken word and music |
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Describe Wernicke's area.
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-posterior part of superior temporal lobe
-important for integration of sensory input -developed in only one hemisphere |
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Describe the parietal lobe.
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-interpretation and discrimination of sensory input
-located posterior to the central sulcus -primary somatosensory cortex -secondary somatosensory cortex -sensory inputs |
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Describe the primary somatosensory cortex.
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receives input from the receptors located throughout the body
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Describe the secondary somatosensory cortex.
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receives input that has already been processed in deeper brain
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Describe sensory inputs.
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-shape, size, weight, texture, consistency
-touch, pressure, and position |
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Describe the occipital lobe.
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-interpretation and discrimination of visual input
-located posteriorly in cerebral hemispheres -primary visual cortex -secondary visual cortex |
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What is the insular cortex also known as? AND can it be seen from the surface?
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-"5th" lobe
-cannot be seen from surface |
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Where is the insular cortex located?
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at the bottom of the lateral sulcus
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What is the left anterior insula important for?
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speech motor control
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What is Brodmann's area 6?
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Premotor
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What is Brodmann's area 4?
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Primary Motor
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What is Brodmann's area 44?
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Broca's Area
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What is Brodmann's area 1-3?
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Primary Sensory
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What is Brodmann's area 41?
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Primary Auditory
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What is Brodmann's area 22?
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Wernicke's Area
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What is Brodmann's area 17?
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Primary Visual
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What is association cortex?
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-large areas of the cortex between sensory and motor areas
-cortical areas that are neither motor or sensory (are thought to be involved in higher processing of info) |
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What is grey matter composed of?
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cell bodies
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The white matter is organized into ______ that connect regions of the ______ _______.
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tracts; nervous system
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What are the 3 types of connections of white matter?
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-association fibers
-commissural fibers -projection fibers |
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What are association fibers?
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transmit within on cerebral hemisphere (e.g. arcuate fasciculus connects the temporal lobe with the frontal lobe)
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What are commissural fibers?
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transmit from one cerebral hemisphere to the other
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What are projection fibers?
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forming ascending (afferent) and descending (efferent) pathways that connect the cerebral cortex to the lower central nervous system, brainstem, and spinal cord
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What does the arcuate fasciculus connect? AND what does damage to this connection cause?
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-Wernicke's with Broca's area
-causes conduction aphasia (cannot imitate) |
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What are the two hemispheres joined by?
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commisures
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What are the 4 commisures that connect the hemispheres?
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-corpus callosum
-massa intermedia -anterior commisure -posterior commisure |
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What are the 4 different areas of the corpus callosum?
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-genu
-trunk -splenium -rostrum |
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What is the corpus callosum made up of?
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densely packed axons that are crossing the longitudinal fissure
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What does the the massa intermedia connect? AND where does it cross?
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-connects right and left thalamus
-crosses the 3rd ventricle |
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What is the internal capsule?
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-projection fibers
-convergence of descending axon fibers leaving cortex -white matter |
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Where are nuclei?
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inside the CNS
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Where is the limbic system located?
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underneath the corpus callosum
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What does the limbic system do and what is it important for?
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-regulates circadian rhythm, thrist, and sex drive
-important for emotion and memory |
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Name the parts of the limbic system AND say what each part is responsible for.
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-hippocampus (learning and memory)
-amygdala (emotion) -septum (rage after lesions) -fornix -mammillary bodies (memory) |
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Why is basal ganglia a misnomer?
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"ganglia" refers to collections of cell bodies in periphery....should be named basal nuclei
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What are the 4 different areas of the corpus callosum?
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-genu
-trunk -splenium -rostrum |
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What does the basal ganglia consist of?
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-caudate nucleus
-globus pallidus -putamen |
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What is the corpus callosum made up of?
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densely packed axons that are crossing the longitudinal fissure
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What does the the massa intermedia connect? AND where does it cross?
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-connects right and left thalamus
-crosses the 3rd ventricle |
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What is the internal capsule?
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-projection fibers
-convergence of descending axon fibers leaving cortex -white matter |
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What is the basal ganglia involved in?
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the control of movement
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What are lesions in the basal ganglia?
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-parkinson's
-huntington's chorea |
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What does the diencephalon consist of?
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-thalamus
-hypothalamus |
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Describe the location and make-up of the thalamus.
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-dorsal part of diencephalon
-located in middle of the cerebral hemispheres -has 2 lobes connected that are connected by the massa intermedia which pierces thru the 3rd ventricle -each lobe is divided into several nuclei |
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What is the function of the thalamus?
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-sensory relay station (most info goes thru thalamus before going to cortex)
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Some thalamic nuclei are dedicated to ________ _________ ________. Others are involved in:
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-special sensory functions
-controlling the general excitability of the cerebral cortex |
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What are the special sensory nuclei?
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-medial geniculate
-lateral geniculate |
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What does the medial geniculate do?
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receives fibers from auditory system and projects fibers to the primary auditory cortex
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What does the lateral geniculate do?
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receives fibers from retina and projects fibers to the primary visual cortex
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What is collection of blood in the brain known as?
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hemotoma (usually from a stroke)
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Where is the hypothalamus located? AND what does it contain?
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-at the bottom of the 3rd ventricle
-contains many nuclei and fiber tracts |
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What does the hypothalamus control?
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-autonomic nervous system (ANS)
-pituitary gland--hormone secretion (sex drive, growth hormone) -organizes species specific behaviors for flight, fight, fed, and mating |
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What is the hindbrain composed of?
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metencephalon
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What is the metencephalon made up of?
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-cerebellum ("little brain")
-pons |
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What is the cerebellum involved in?
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the coordination of movement and motor learning
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The cerebellum works ___________, unlike the cerebrum, which works on a __________ basis.
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-ipsilaterally
-contralateral |
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What is the cerebellum covered with?
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cerebellar cortex
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What does the cerebellum consist of?
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2 hemispheres, which divided by the vermis (each hemisphere is divided into 3 major lobes)
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What is the cerebellum connected to?
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brain stem
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What are cerebellar peduncles?
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connect cerebellum to the rest of the CNS
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Name the 3 cerebellar peduncles.
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-superior- midbrain
-middle- pons -inferior- medulla |
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What are the 3 parts of the brainstem?
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-midbrain
-pons -medulla |
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What is the tectum?
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-"roof plate" of midbrain
-superior and inferior colliculi (4 bumps) |
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What is the tegmentum?
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brain stem reticular formation that spans the midbrain, pons, and medulla
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What is the brain stem the starting point for?
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the cranial nerves
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Where does the spinal column pass?
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through the spinal foramen
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What is the spinal cord contiguous with?
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the medulla
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What is cauda equina?
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bundle of spinal roots at caudal end
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What is caudal block?
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anesthesia and paralysis of lower part of body produced by injecting anesthetic into CSF surrounding the cauda equina
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True or false: The spinal cord contains white and grey matter.
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true
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Is the dorsal root of the spinal cord afferent or efferent? ventral root?
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-dorsal root = afferent
-ventral root = efferent |
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What are meninges and what is their function?
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-membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord
-function: --provide protection against the rough surface of the skull --cushions brain against external forces |
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What are the 3 layers of the meninges?
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-dura mater
-arachnoid -pia mater |
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Define Dura Mater.
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-outer layer of the meninges
- means "tough mother" -double layered, whitish, inelastic, fibrous membrane -subdural space between dura and arachnoid contains lubricating fluid that prevents adhesion |
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What are the 3 folds of the dura mater AND where are they located?
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-falx cerebri (descends vertically between hemispheres)
-tentorium cerebelli (covers cerebellum, "tent-like" roof of posterior fossa--supports occipital and temporal lobes) -falx cerebelli (separates lateral lobes of the cerebellum) |
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True or false: The dura mater in infants is inelastic to protect from head injury.
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False, it is loose to allow for growth
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Describe the arachnoid membrane.
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-thin middle covering of the meninges
-"spider-like" -delicate membrane that loosely surrounds the brain |
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What is the subarachnoid space?
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-filled with CSF that surround brain and cushions fluid that prevents
-transversed by supporting fibers called trabecula -contains the cerebral arteries and veins |
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___________ form the cisterns of the subarachnoid space.
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membranes
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Arachnoid __________ allow CSF to pass into the ________ __________ ______.
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-granulations
-superior sagittal sinus |
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Describe the pia mater.
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-inner layer of the meninges
-gives shape of gyri, sulci -innermost, meshlike, vascular layer -difficult to separate from gray matter -very finely attached |
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What is the potential space between dura and skull called?
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epidural space
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What is the potential space between dura and arachnoid layer called?
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subdural space
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What is the space between the arachnoid and pia mater called? AND what does it contain?
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-subarachnoid space
-contains CSF, blood vessels, Circle of Willis |
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What are cisterns?
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-at the base of brain
-direct CSF upward over the cerebral hemispheres |
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What is Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)?
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-brain floats in CSF
-provides cushion -helps remove byproducts of metabolism |
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True or false: The lateral ventricle is connected to the 3rd ventricle.
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True
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What is stored in the lateral and third ventricles?
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CSF
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What connects the lateral ventricles to the anterolateral part of the 3rd venticle?
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foramen of munro (hole)
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Where is the 3rd ventricle located?
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-lies between the 2 lateral halves of the thalamus
-extends anteriorly and inferiorly into the midline plane between the 2 halves of the hypothalamus |
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What is aqueduct of sylvius?
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connects posteriorly and inferiorly thru the mesencephalon to enter the 4th ventricle behind the pons and medulla
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Where does the 4th ventricle lie?
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in the lower brain stem posterior to the pons and medulla anterior to the cerebellum
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What is CSF mostly produced by? *test question*
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the choroid plexus of the ventricles (2 lateral, 3rd, and 4th)
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What does the loss of CSF produce?
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headaches (e.g. spinal cord puntures, dehydration)
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What happens to CSF when it is reabsorbed into the venous sinuses thru the arachnoid villa?
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it is mixed with other blood and carried down the jugular vein
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Define hydrocephalus.
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an excess amount of CSF in brain
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What causes hydrocephalus?
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-oversecretion of CSF (rare)
-impaired absorption: obstruction of foramen causing a buildup in ventricle above obstruction -obstruction of CSF pathways |
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How is hydrocephalus relieved?
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-shunting:
--a shunt with a pressure valve is surgically placed in lateral ventricle --CSF is shunted to the abdominal cavity where it absorbed into the blood supply |
