Slp Chapter 2 (33-41), Chapter 4

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Generative approach

Back 1

Also called the Nativist, the generative approach assumes that children are able to acquire language because they are born with innate rules or principles related to structures of human languages

Front 2

Nativist approach

Back 2

linguistic theory associated with Chomsky and his followers, who emphasize innateness of language and contend that there are special mechanisms in the human brain dedicated to the acquisition and use of language

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child-directed speech (CDS)

Back 3

adult speech adapted for use when talking with young children

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Emergentism

Back 4

Linguistic theory that argues that language is a structure arising from existing interacting patterns in the human brain

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Constructionist approach

Back 5

Linguistic theory that argues that children learn language from their environment one construction at a time versus rule learning

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synaptogenesis

Back 6

a burst in synaptic growth that occurs at 8 to 10 months of age and is noted in changes in both a child's perception and production of speech

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neonates

Back 7

newborns

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sensation

Back 8

the ability to register sensory information

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perception

Back 9

using both sensory information and previous knowledge to make sense of incoming stimuli

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habituation

Back 10

over time, with repeated exposure, organisms react less strongly to successive presentation of a stimulus

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motor control

Back 11

muscle movement and the sensory feedback that informs the brain of the extent of that movement

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reflexes

Back 12

automatic, involuntary motor patterns. Although many neonatal behaviors are reflexive, this condition changes quickly with maturity

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myelination

Back 13

process of maturation pf the nervous system in which the nerves develop a protective myelin sheath or sleeve

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cognition

Back 14

the mental activities involved in comprehension of information, including acquisition, organization and storage, memory, and the use of knowledge

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sensitive period

Back 15

developmental period that varies for each perceptual and cognitive area during which the brain is more receptive to specific environmental input

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schemes

Back 16

cognitive conceptual structures used for comparison with incoming sensory information

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mental maps

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complex organizational webs that link concepts within the cognitive systems

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adaptation

Back 18

process by which an organism adapts to the environment; occurs as a result of two complementary processes, assimilation and accommodation. Piagetian concept.

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organization

Back 19

tendency for all living things to systemize or organize behaviors. Piagetian concept.

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rehearsal

Back 20

process of maintaining information within long-term memory; repetition, drill, or practice

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integrative rehearsal

Back 21

use of repetition or rehearsal to transfer information to long-term memory. Information-processing concept.

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equilibrium

Back 22

state of cognitive balance or harmony between incoming stimuli and cognitive structures. Piagetian concept.

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assimilation

Back 23

process by which external stimuli are incorporated into existing cognitive structures or schemes. Piagetian concept.

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accomodation

Back 24

process of reorganizing cognitive structures or schemes or creating new schemes in response to external stimuli that do not fit into any available scheme. Piagetian concept.

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phonotactic regularities

Back 25

phonemes, phoneme combinations, and syllable structures typical of the native language and noticed by young children

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phonotactic probabilities

Back 26

the likelihood of phonemes appearing together and/or in certain locations in words

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quasi-resonant nuclei (QRN)

Back 27

partial resonance of speech sounds found in neonates

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babbling

Back 28

long strings of sounds that children begin to produce at about 4 months of age

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fully resonant nuclei (FRN)

Back 29

vowel-like sounds that are fully resonated laryngeal tones

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reduplicated babbling

Back 30

long strings of consonant-vowel (CV) syllable repetitions, such as ba-ba-ba-ba-ba, that appear in the vocal play of 6 to 7 month old infants

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echolalia

Back 31

immediate, whole or partial vocal imitation of another speaker; characterizes the child's speech beginning at about 8 months

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variegated babbling

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long stings of nonidentical syllables that appear in the vocal play of some 8 to 10 month old infants

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jargon

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strings of unintelligible speech sounds with the intonational pattern of adult speech

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phonetically consistent forms (PCFs)

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consistent vocal patterns that accompany gestures prior to the appearance of words

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representations

Back 35

concepts stored in the brain

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recognition memory

Back 36

recognizing entities in the environment

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recall memory

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bringing information from memory storage

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attention

Back 38

ability to engage, maintain, disengage, and shift focus

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representational competence

Back 39

the ability to extract commonalities form experiences and represent them abstractly or symbollically