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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Definition |
A natural periodic state of rest for the mind and body. Partial/complete loss of consciousness. Eyes closes, decrease in body movements and and response to external stimuli Brain-Wave activity that includes intervals of dreaming |
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Why do you need to sleep? |
- restore and rejuvenate, grow muscles, repair tissue and synthesise hormones - helps you retain information better, memory improves, mood improves, concentration improves |
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How to analyze sleep? |
- Patient Questionnaires - physiological measurements - brain wanes, chemicals etc. - Non invasive techniques - blood samples to check chemicals - Electroencephalography (EEG) - electrical activity of brain |
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What happens to body during sleep |
heart rate: decreases Breathing Rate: Decreases Brain Activity: Decreases Behavioural changes: --> Lack of gross movement, presence of Rapid eye movement cycles throughout a period of sleep |
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REM sleep - What happens |
Postural Muscles = relaxed --> REM sleep Heart Rate, BP and breathing rate mote variable Increased blood supply to reproductive organs |
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Sleep cycle stages and length |
One cycle is 60-90 minutes humans => Stage 1 to REM in the first cycle Next cycles start from stage 2 and continue through REM sleep every 60-90 minutes |
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REM vs NREM |
NREM: HR ↑, BP ↑, Vosoconstriction in skeletal muscles Slight hypoventilation, ↓ firing of respiratory neurons, ↑PCO2, ↓PO2 REM: HR↓, Cardiac output ↓, BP ↓ Increased respiratory rate, ↓ tide volume, ↑ resistance in upper airwasy |
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Sleep Apnea - What is it? |
- lack of breathing during sleep (atleast 10 seconds) - Typically in older patients/infants - In adults, associated with daytime sleepiness and snoring ( older, overweight males) - SIDS - sudden infacnt death syndrome - ↑ PCO2 levels, SIDS babies have ↑ REM - ↑ SIDS in younger mothers, low birth weight - placing babies on back - ↓ SIDS |
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Renal system during sleep |
↓ urine production ↑ [urine] ↓ glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow ↑ aldosterone secretion - decrease in urine |
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GI Tract during sleep |
↓ motility ↓ Gastric acid secretion ↓ swallowing reflex |
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Nervous system during sleep |
↓ discharge, metabolism - NREM Complex brain activity changes - EEG The change in activity is dependant on brain region |
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Arousal pathway of the brain - where? |
- Reticular formation (pons, medulla) - Thalamus - Cortex |
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Neurotransmitters used during sleep |
- ACh - GABA - His - 5-Ht -lesions of this pathways can cause sleepiness - Down regulation of the pathway induces sleep - Inhibiotion mediated through ventrolateral preoptic nucleus and GABA |
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flip flop switch model |
Wake-fullness : - Inhibition of ventrolateral Preoptic nucleus - Through the raphe which receives innervation from orexin neurons During sleep: - The Ventrolateral Preoptc nucleus inhibits orexin neurons and the raphe - Induces sleep |
