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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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sleep is an ___, ___ process
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active, multiphase
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brain goes in and out of ___ and ___ during sleep
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REM and non-REM
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during sleep these are two of the things that occur in the body
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slow renal production and digestion
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Non-REM sleep
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initiated by the withdrawl of neurotransmitters from the reticular formation and by the inhibition of arousal mechanisms in cerebral cortex
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REM sleep
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characterized by desynchronized, low voltage, fast activity that occurs about every 90 minutes beginning after 1 to 2 hours of non-REM sleep
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five sleep disorders
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insomnia, upper airway resistance syndrome, obstuctive sleep apnea, obesity hypoventilation syndrome, parasomnias
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insomnia
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inability to fall or stay asleep
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Insomnia may be
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transient, lasting a few days, and related to travel across time zones, or it may be caused by acute stress
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Long-term insomnia is associated with
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drug or alcohol abuse
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Upper airway resistance syndrome is characterized by
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repetitive increases in resistance to airflow within the upper airway with snoring and brief arousals from sleep and daytime somnolence
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Upper airway resistance syndrome is not associated with
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complete obstruction of airway
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In obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) the obstruction is caused by
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the soft palate, base of the tongue, or both collapsing against the pharyngeal walls because of decreased muscle tone during sleep
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Symptoms of OSA include
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loud snoring, a decrease in oxygen saturation, fragmented sleep, chronic daytime sleepiness, and fatigue
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Potentially fatal systemic illnesses often associated with OSA include
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hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, heart failure, nocturnal cardiac dysrhythmias, myocardial infarction, and ischemic stroke
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Obesity hypoventilation syndrome is the most
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severe form of disordered breathing during sleep and is associated with severe morbidity and very high mortality
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Systemic complications associated with obesity hypoventilation syndrome include
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pulmonary hypertension and ischemic heart disease
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parasomnias
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unusual behaviors occuring during sleep
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Examples of parasomnias
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sleep walking, night terrors,rearranging furniture, eating food, violent behavior, and enuresis
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Strabismus
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the deviation of one eye from the other when the person is looking at an object
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Strabismus is caused by
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weak or hypertonic muscle in one of the eyes
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Treatment of strabismus
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patch the good eye so the weak one can workout and get stronger
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Amblyopia
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a reduction or dimness of vision for unknown reasons
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scotoma
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a circumscribed defect of the central field of vision
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nystagmus
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an involuntary unilateral or bilateral rhythmic movement of the eyes
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cataract
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a cloudy or opaque area in the ocular lense
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the incidence of cataracts increases with
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age as the lense enlarges
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cataracts cause
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decreased visual acuity, blurred vision, glare, and decreased color preception
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normal intraocular pressure (IOP)
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12-20 mm Hg
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galucoma is characterized by
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intraocular pressure above the nomral pressures
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obstruction to the flow of the aqueous fluid leads to
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increased IOP and glaucoma
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glaucoma causes
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peripheral and central visual impairment and loss, which may lead to blindness
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open-angle glaucoma
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obstruction to outflow of aqueous humor at trabecular meshwork of Schlemm canal; myopia is a risk factor
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narrow-angle galucoma
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forward displacement of iris toward cornea with narrowing of iridocorneal angle and obstruction to outflow of aqueous humor from anterior chamber
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acute angle-closure glaucoma
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acute closure of iridocorneal angle with sudden rise in intraolular pressure; producing nerve pain and visual distrubances
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myopia
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nearsightedness
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