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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is serotonin's affect on the sleep-wake cycle thought to be?
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Lessen response to sensory stimulation.
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Sleep is?
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An altered state of consciousness where perception of and reaction to environment are decreased.
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What is thought to control the cyclic nature of sleep?
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Lower part of brain
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What is necessary for sleep-wake regulation?
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Intact cerebral cortex and reticular formation.
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Darkness and preparing for sleep cause:
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Decrease in stimulation of RAS
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What secretes melatonin causing the person to feel less alert?
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Pineal galand
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What happens to GH (growth hormone) during sleep?
To cortisol? |
GH is secreted
Cortisol inhibited |
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When does the circadian rhythm develop?
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Begins to develop by 6 weeks of age.
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When is a regular sleep-wake cycle developed?
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By 3 - 6 months.
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Define circadian synchronization.
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When biological clock coincides with sleep-wake cycle.
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What physical signs signify being in circadian synchronization?
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Person awake when body temp highest and asleep when body temp lowest.
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When does the circadian rythm begin to develop?
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By 6 weeks of age.
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When do people develop a regular sleep-wake cycle?
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By 3 - 6 months of age
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What are the functions of sleep?
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■ Restores normal levels of activity and normal balance among parts of the nervous system
■ Necessary for protein synthesis ■ Psychological well-being |
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Two types of sleep architecture that alternate in cylces during sleep.
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■ NREM
■ REM |
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Define sleep architecture
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Refers to basic organization of sleep.
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Define NREM sleep.
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■ Occurs when activity in RAS inhibited
■ Constitutes 75% - 80% of sleep ■ Consists of four stages |
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Define NREM sleep: Stage 1
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■ Very light sleep and lasts only a few minutes
■ Feel drowsy and relaxed ■ Eyes roll from side to side ■ Heart and respiratory rates drop slightly ■ Can be readily awakened and may deny sleeping |
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Define NREM sleep: Stage 2
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■ Light sleep lasts only about 10 to 15 minutes
■ Body processes continue to slow down ■ Eyes are generally still ■ Heart and respiratory rates decrease slightly ■ Body temperature falls ■ 44% to 55% of total sleep ■ Requires more intense stimuli to awaken |
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Define NREM sleep: Stages 3 and 4
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■ Deepest stages of sleep (delta sleep or deep sleep)
■ Heart and respiratory rates drop 20% to 30% below waking hours ■ Difficult to arouse ■ Not disturbed by sensory stimuli ■ Skeletal muscles very relaxed ■ Reflexes are diminished ■ Snoring is most likely to occur ■ Swallowing and saliva production reduced ■ Essential for restoring energy and releasing important growth hormones |
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Physiologic changes in NREM sleep:
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■ Arterial blood pressure falls
■ Pulse rate decreases ■ Peripheral blood vessels dilate ■ Cardiac output decreases ■ Skeletal muscles relax ■ Basal metabolism rate decreases 10% - 30% ■ Growth hormone levels peak ■ Intracranial pressure decreases |
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Characteristics of REM sleep:
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■ Occurs every 90 minutes
■ Lasts 5 to 10 minutes ■ Acetylcholine and dopamine increased ■ Most dreams take place ■ Brain is highly active (THIS IS WHEN WE DREAM) |
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Characteristics of REM sleep cont.:
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■ Brain metabolism increases as much as 20%
■ Distinctive eye movements occur ■ Voluntary muscle tone dramatically decreased ■ Deep tendon reflexes absent |
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Characteristics of REM sleep cont. part deux:
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■ May be difficult to arouse or may wake spontaneously
■ Gastric secretions increase ■ Heart and respiratory rates often are irregular ■ Regions of brain associated with learning, thinking, organizing information stimulated |
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Which nursing intervention would be most appropriate for the client taking temazepam (Restoril)?
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A. Monitor for fever
B. Give intravenous only C. Monitor daily weights D. Tell client to ask for assistance before getting up |
Answer: D
Restoril is a sedative-hypnotic. Temperature is usually not affected wiht Restoril though respiratory depression may occur. Restoril is ONLY given orally. Monitoring daily weight is not necessary but renal impairment needs to be monitored. |
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Which would indicate that the client taking a sedative - hypnotic requires more teaching?
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A. The client wants to listen to music on the radio
B. The client has saved his urine to be measured C. The states he has taken 1800 mL of fluid today D. The client requests a cup of hot kava kava to help him get to sleep faster |
Answer: D
Kava kava is an herb that may interact with CNS depressants. Listening to music may promote sleep. Renal impairement should be monitored and an adequate amount of liquid is necessary. |
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Sleep is a time when your body and brain shut down for rest and relaxation.
T or F |
False
Although it is a time when your body rests and restores its energy levels, sleep is an active state that affects both your physical and mental well-being. Adequate restful sleep, like diet and exercise, is critical to good health. Insufficient restful sleep can result in mental and physical health problems and possibly premature death. |
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If you regularly doze off unintentionally during the day, you may need more than just a good night's sleep.
T or F |
True
Many people doze off unintentionally during the day despite getting their usual night of sleep. This could be a sign of a sleep disorder. Appx. 40 mil. Americans suffer from sleep disorders, including sleep apnea, insomnia, narcolepsy, and restless leg syndrome. An untreated sleep disorder can reduce your daytime productivity, increase your risk of accidents, and put you at risk for illness and even early death. |
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If you snore loudly and persistently at night and are sleepy during the day, you may have a sleep disorder.
T or F |
True is correct.
Persistent loud snoring at night and daytime sleepiness are the main symptoms of a common and serious sleep disorder, sleep apnea. Another symptom is frequent long pauses in breathing during sleep, followed by choking and gasping for breath. People with sleep apnea don't get enough restful sleep, and their daytime performance is often seriously affected. Sleep apnea may also lead to hypertension, heart disease, heart attack, and stroke. However, it can be treated, and the sleep apnea patient can live a normal life. |
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Opening the car window or turning the radio up will keep the drowsy driver awake.
T or F |
False is correct.
Opening the car window or turning the radio up may arouse a drowsy driver briefly, but this won't keep that person alert behind the wheel. Even mild drowsiness is enough to reduce concentration and reaction time. The sleep-deprived driver may nod off for a couple of seconds at a time without even knowing it--enough time to kill himself or someone else. It has average of 56,000 reported accidents each year--claiming over 1,500 lives. |
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Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder marked by "sleep attacks."
T or F |
True is correct.
People with narcolepsy fall asleep uncontrollably --at any time of the day, in all types of situations-- regardless of the amount or quality of sleep they've had the night before. Narcolepsy is characterized by these 'sleep attacks,' as well as by daytime sleepiness, episodes of muscle weakness or paralysis, and disrupted nighttime sleep. Although there is no known cure, medications and behavioral treatments can control symptoms, and people with narcolepsy can live normal lives. |
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One cause of not getting enough sleep is restless legs syndrome.
T or F |
True is correct.
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a medical condition distinguished by tingling sensations in the legs--and sometimes the arms--while sitting or lying still, especially at bedtime. The person with RLS needs to constantly stretch or move the legs to try to relieve these uncomfortable or painful symptoms. As a result, he or she has difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep and usually feels extremely sleepy and unable to function fully during the day. Good sleep habits and medication can help the person with RLS. |
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The body has a natural ability to adjust to different sleep schedules such as working different shifts or traveling through multiple time zones quickly.
T or F |
False is correct.
The human body's biological clock programs each person to feel sleepy during the nighttime hours and to be active during the daylight hours. So people who work the night shift and try to sleep during the day are constantly fighting their biological clocks. This puts them at risk of error and accident at work and of disturbed sleep. The same is true for people who travel through multiple time zones quickly; they get 'jet lag' because they cannot maintain a regular sleep-wake schedule. Sleeping during the day in a dark, quiet bedroom and getting exposure to sufficient bright light at the right time can help improve daytime alertness. |
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People need less sleep as they grow older.
T or F |
False is correct.
As we get older, we don't need less sleep, but we often get less sleep. That's because our ability to sleep for long periods of time and to get into the deep restful stages of sleep decreases with age. Older people have more fragile sleep and are more easily disturbed by light, noise, and pain. They also may have medical conditions that contribute to sleep problems. Going to bed at the same time every night and getting up at the same time every morning, getting exposure to natural outdoor light during the day, and sleeping in a cool, dark, quiet place at night may help. |
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More people doze off at the wheel of a car in the early morning or midafternoon than in the evening.
T or F |
True is the correct answer.
Our bodies are programmed by our biological clock to experience two natural periods of sleepiness during the 24-hour day, regardless of the amount of sleep we've had in the previous 24 hours. The primary period is between about midnight and 7:00 a.m. A second period of less intense sleepiness is in the midafternoon, between about 1:00 and 3:00. This means that we are more at risk of falling asleep at the wheel at these times than in the evening--especially if we haven't been getting enough sleep. |
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How many hours of sleep do most adults need each night?
A. 5 to 6 B. 6 to 7 C. 7 to 9 D. 9 to 10 |
ANSWER: C. Sleep experts say that most adults need seven to nine hours of sleep each night for optimum performance, health and safety.
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How many estimated Americans chronically suffer from a sleep disorder hindering their
daily function and hurting their health and longevity? A. 25 million to 30 million B. 50 million to 70 million C. 75 million to 80 million D. 80 million to 95 million |
ANSWER: B. According to a 2006 Institute of Medicine report, an estimated 50 million to 70 million Americans suffer from sleep disorders.
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During which stage or stages of sleep does tissue growth and repair occur?
A. Stage one B. Stage two C. Stages three and four D. REM |
ANSWER: C. Of all the stages of sleep, stages three and four are considered the deepest and most restorative. During these stages, our blood pressure drops, breathing slows, muscles relax, energy is restored and tissue growth and repair occurs, according to the National Sleep Foundation.
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Which of the following symptoms is associated with insomnia?
A. Difficulty falling asleep B. Waking up too early and not being able to fall back asleep C. Frequent awakenings D. All of the above |
ANSWER: D. While we all know that trouble falling asleep is a prime symptom of insomnia, it's not the only one. Others include waking up too early and not being able to fall back asleep, frequent awakenings and waking up feeling unrefreshed, according to the National Sleep Foundation.
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Research has shown that an insufficient amount of sleep is linked to all but which of the
following health problems? A. Obesity B. Hepatitis C. Diabetes D. Hypertension |
ANSWER: B. Research has shown that insufficient sleep can affect growth hormone secretion that's linked with obesity, according to the National Sleep Foundation. Interrupted sleep also can adversely affect the normal fall in blood pressure we experience during the sleep cycle and impair the body's ability to use insulin, which can lead to diabetes.
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In order to get a good night's sleep, experts suggest cutting off your caffeine intake at what
time of day? A. 10 a.m. B. Noon C. 2 p.m. D. 6 p.m. |
ANSWER: B. Considered a sleep saboteur, caffeine can wreak havoc on your sleep, making it harder for you to fall asleep and waking you up more often during the night. If you're having trouble falling asleep at night, Dr. Lawrence Epstein, medical director of Sleep HealthCenters, suggests cutting off your intake at noon.
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What percentage of all serious car crash injuries in the general population are associated
with driver sleepiness, independent of alcohol effects? A. Almost 20% B. 25% C. 30% D. More than 30% |
ANSWER: A. Nearly 20% of all serious car crash injuries in the general population are linked to driver sleepiness, independent of the effects of alcohol, according to a 2006 Institute of Medicine report.
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If you can't get the seven to nine hours of sleep you need on a weeknight, the best way to
offset your sleep debt is: A. Sleep in as late as you want on the weekend B. Take a two-hour nap C. Take a 20- to 45-minute nap D. None of the above |
ANSWER: C. Getting those seven to nine hours of sleep every night can be difficult. If you miss a few hours, try taking a 20- to 45-minute nap to offset the loss, says Dr. Carol Ash, a board-certified sleep and pulmonary specialist. Taking a longer nap will make you feel groggy afterward, and sleeping in on the weekends will throw off your circadian rhythm.
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To create a peaceful environment and get a better night's sleep, experts suggests doing all
but which of the following? A. Setting the room at an optimal sleep temperature of 75 degrees Fahrenheit B. Removing the TV and all LED lights from the bedroom to stop disturbances from flashing lights C. Making your bed with organic sheets to prevent skin or respiratory system irritations D. Sleeping in a warm-colored, darkly painted room to ease into darkness |
ANSWER: A. All of these tips will help create a peaceful sleep environment, however, the optimal sleep temperature is 68 degrees.
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Adults who are most likely to have sleep apnea also have which of the following
characteristics? A. They snore loudly. B. They are overweight. C. Have smaller airways in their nose, throat or mouth. D. All of the above. |
ANSWER: D. Sleep apnea, a common disorder in which a person's breathing stops or gets shallow during sleep, is most common in adults who snore loudly, are overweight and have smaller airways due to their shape or medical conditions, according to the American Sleep Association. Family history is another indicator.
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What is the most common side effect of Benzodiazepines?
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Ataxia
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