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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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normal sleep?
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4-6 cycles;
90 minute cycles; NREM sleep followed by REM sleep |
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proportion of NREM and REM?
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75% NREM
25% REM |
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when does most REM sleep occur and consequence?
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most REM and dreams late in sleep period
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amount of sleep time over time and REM/NREM ratio?
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total sleep time decreases over time but REM/NREM stays pretty constant after about 3-5 years old
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characteristic of sleep in elderly?
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decreased slow wave sleep;
decreased nocturnal total sleep time; increased awakenings |
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physiology in NREM sleep?
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decreased HR and BP;
decreased respiratory tidal volume; regular ventilation (apart from N1); decreased skeletal muscle tone; decreased CBF |
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tonic phenomena of REM sleep?
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always present:
desyndronized cortical EEG; voluntary muscle atonia; impairment of thermal regulation; dreams; penile erections/clitoral engorgement; increased CBF |
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phasic phenomena of REM sleep?
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come and go:
rapid eye movements; irregular acceleration of HR and respiratory rate; muscle twitches; PGO and sawtooth waves |
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direction of eye movements of REM sleep?
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oblique
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acetylcholine system?
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ascending arousal system;
pontine tegmentum --> thalamus --> facilitate transmission of sensory information to cortex |
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NE origin?
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locus coeruleus
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5HT origin?
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raphe nuclei
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DA origin?
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periaqueductal grey
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HIS origin?
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tuberomamillary nucleus
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monoamines and projections?
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NE, 5HT, DA, HIS project to:
lateral hypothalamus (HCRT), VLPO (GABA), cerebral cortex |
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monoamine system function?
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activates cortex to facilitate processing of thalamic information;
inhibits VLPO preventing NREM sleep |
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hypocretin system?
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peptide neurotransmitter;
posterolateral hypothalamus --> cerebral cortex, ascending monoamine neurons, ascending cholinergic neurons --> stabilization of wake state |
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deficiency of hypocretin results in what deficiency?
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narcolepsy
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ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO)?
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GABA neurotransmitter;
hypothalamus --> ascending cholinergic neurons, ascending monoamine neurons, hypocretin neurons --> NREM sleep center |
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why antihistamines cause sedation?
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histamine is part of ascending monoamine system that mediates arousal
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REM sleep-on cells?
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subcoeruleus region
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REM sleep-off cells?
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locus ceruleus
raphe nucleus |
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dream enactment?
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REM behavior disorder;
abnormal excessive muscle movement; associated with parkinsons, lewy body, etc |
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homeostatic control of sleepiness?
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increase in linear fashion from time wake up
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circadian control of sleepiness?
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biologic clock;
suprachiasmatic nuclei of hypothalamus |
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importance of suprachiasmatic nuclei?
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control circadian rhythm of sleep, hormones, etc
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genetic control of clock?
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cycle of transcription, translation, and inhibition leads to 24.3 hour cycle
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how offset genetic control of clock
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light and melatonin
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caffeine mechanism?
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adenosine receptor antagonist in VLPO
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