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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is sleep?
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it's a natural state characterized by a reduction in voluntary motor activity, a decreased response to stimulation, and stereotypic posture
it is easily reversible and self-regulating |
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what EEG patterns are the different stages of sleep characterized by?
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1. awake - low voltage, random fast
2. nonREM sleep - alpha waves (when you're about to fall asleep), slow waves, sleep spindles, K complexes, delta waves 3. REM sleep - sawtooth waves |
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what are the effects of alcohol on sleep?
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suppresses REM sleep initially but REM rebound occurs once EtOH has all been metabolized
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what are the effects of antedepressants on sleep?
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TCAs and SSRIs increase the monoamine, serotonin, and suppress REM sleep
REM suppression occurs throughout treatment, arguing the critical role REM sleep might have in human existence |
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what are zeitgebers? what are some zeitgeber? which is most important?
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zeitgebers are external stimuli that set the circadian rhythm
zeitgebers include light, food, temperature, other activities light is most important in setting the circadian rhythem |
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when are the two major sleep episodes likely to occur? how long do they last?
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4 AM and 4 PM
last 6-10 hours |
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what is the two-process model that explains the sleep wake cycle?
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1. homeostatic drive - increases with waking time, governed by the need to sleep --> more and more sleepy as the day goes on
2. circadian rhythm: sleep-independent, confines sleep and wakefulness to different phases of the daily cycle nighttime sleep - first part because homeostatic drive is high - second part because it's dark = circadian alertness is low daytime wakefulness - first part of the day - awake because homeostatic drive low - second part of the day - circadian alertness is high |
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what is the role of adenosine in sleep
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concentration increases during the daytime
inhibits wake-promoting basal forebrain cholinergic neurons activates sleep-promoting VLPO neurons |
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what inhibits the wake-promoting basal forebrain neurons?
what does it activate? |
adenosine
it also activates the sleep promoting VLPO |
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these neurons are located in the tuberomammilary nucleus - what is their role in sleep?
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histaminergic neurons are found in the tuberomammilary nucleus (TMN)
they are active during wakefulness |
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a mouse displays the following patterns of disrupted sleep - what possible gene mutations are at work?
1. decreased total daily sleep 2. increases in NREM sleep 3. increased total sleep 4. altered timing of sleep |
1. decreased total daily sleep - Clock mutations
2. increases in NREM sleep - Cry1,2 mutations 3. increased in total sleep - Bmal1 mutations 4. altered timing of sleep - Per1,2,3 |
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neurochemistry of sleep
what ACh-producing neurons are involved in wakefulness? |
basal forebrain
PPT (pedunculopontine nucleus) LDT (laterodrosal tegmental nucleus) |
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neurochemistry of sleep
what monoamine producing neurons are involved in wakefulness? |
TMN: tuberomammillary nucleus
VTA: ventral tegmental area LC: locus coeruleus vPAG: ventral periaqueductal grey LH: lateral hypothalamus |
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what is the role of hypocretin/orexin in sleep?
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stimulates the LC, DRN, TMN to prevent REM sleep
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what does hypocretin/orexin modulate?
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modulates feeding (stimulates carb intake), metabolism, and sleep (promotes wakefulness)
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what is the role of VLPO in sleep?
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VLPO turns off centers that keep us awake
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describe the sleep/wake switch.
what stabilizes the switch? |
high GABA (from the VLPO)
- promotes sleep - inhibits NE, H, DA, 5-HT, ACh NE, H, DA, 5-HT, Ach - promotes wakefulness - NE and 5-HT inhibits VLPO hypocretin/orexin is inhibited by GABA and activates NTs of wakefulness |
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what are some REM - ON neurons?
what are some REM - OFF neurons? |
ON neurons
- SLD - PC - parabrachial nucleus Off neurons - vlPAG - LPT **all are GABAergic |
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what is responsible for the atonia during REM sleep?
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glutamatergic projections from the sublaterodorsal nucleus to the spinal ventral horn mediates the atonia
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sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD)
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mediates atonia during REM sleep
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