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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the behavioral criteria for sleep in organisms where can't measure EEG?
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1. Behavioral quiescence
2. Stereotypical posture 3. reduced stimulus response 4. spontaneously reversed <24 hrs 5. resists deprivation 6. increased following deprivation |
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bigger Vs Smaller organisms with regard to energy reserves, lifespan and sleep needs.
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bigger--> higher E reserves, live longer, and sleep LESS
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What organisms apparently lack REM sleep?
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Reptiles.
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How does birds nonREM & REM sleep compare to mammals'?
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Very short
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How do cetaceans (sea life) sleep?
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Uni-hemispherically.
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What is polysomnography?
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Surface electrical recordings of EEG,EOG, EMG or respirations.
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What does EOG measure?
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ocular movements.
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What does the EEG for an awake individual look like?
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low voltage- random, fast
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What does the EEG for a drowsy individual look like?
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alpha waves (8-12 cps)
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What does the EEG for stage 1 look like?
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3-7 cps (theta waves)
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Where are alpha waves found?
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drowsy sleep
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What EEG has theta waves?
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stage 1
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What does the EEG for stage 2 sleep look like?
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12-14cps with sleep spindles and K complexes (looks like AP)
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What does the EEG for delta sleep look like?
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1/2 - 2 cps- delata waves > 45uV
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What does REM look like?
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Desynchronous, low voltage-random. fast sawtooth waves
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What is the progression of sleep?
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stage 1 --> stage 2 --> stage 3&4 (SWS) --> REM
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For REM and SWS compare:
1.EEG 2. Cerebral blood flow 3. O2 consumption 4. temp |
REM = opposite of SWS
REM: 1. low-voltage-fast 2. high 3. high 4. high |
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What are the nature of sex organs during SWS and REM?
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SWS- flacid
REM-priopism |
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When do SWS and REM occur?
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SWS- first half of the night
REM- later half of the night. |
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Give an example of how both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are at work in REM
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para-erection
symp- rapid breathing. |
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How much does a newborn sleep per day and in what kind of pattern?
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14-16 hrs, not all at once (no circadian rhythm developed).
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What percent of a persons sleep is REM for adults and newborns?
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Adult: 20%
baby: 50% |
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What determines a drug's (such as caffeine) effect on the brain?
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1/2 life and genetic vulnerability.
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What are the 6 main NT's of sleep?
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1. Caffeine
2. seretonin 3. acetylcholine 4. arexinhypocretin 5. dopamine 6 norepinephrine |
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How doe caffeine work?
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It binds to adenosine receptors which are found on EVERY neruon.
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How does seretonin work?
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Involved in wake & Sleep
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What does acetylcholine do?
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Important with wakefullness and REM regulation.
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What does cholinergic mean?
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Related to acetylcholine
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What is the difference between REM and Non-REM dreams?
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Non-REM dreams are more thought-like and less visual than REM
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What brain area is critical for REM?
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Rostral Pons
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What is the use of the Rostral Pons for sleep?
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Critical for REM.
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What is MSCT and how do they work?
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Multiple sleep latency Tests.
--Give naps every 2 hours, then measure how long it take them to fall asleep and when REM onset is |
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What are hypnogogic and hypnopompic stage 1 sleep?
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Hypnogogic= falling asleep
hypnopompic= waking up |
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How long does it typically take for REM onset?
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60-90 min
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What is cataplexy?
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Sleep paralysis often associated with narcolepsy.
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What is DQB10602
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the gene associated with narcolepsy.
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What is MWT and how does it work?
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Maintenance of wakefullness test. Tell patient to stay awake as long as possible and then check how fast REM onset occurs
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How does the amount of SWS a person gets vary across their lifetime?
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It decreases with age.
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What is CPAP and what does it treat?
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Continuous Poitive Airway Pressure. It is used to treat sleep apnea
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What is PLMS?
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Periodic limb movement syndrome (old dude beats wife in sleep)
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How is narcolepsy treated?
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By symptoms: treat the sleepiness and the cataplexy.
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What is insomnia often associated with and what %?
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Mental disorders, specifically depression (~9%)
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What is the VLPA and what is its importance?
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Ventrolateral Preoptic Area. Active during non-REM and inhibit wakefulness.
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What is SEM and what is it used for?
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Slow eye movement and is used to detect sleep stage.
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What is REM behavior disorder and what is it a precursor for?
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It is a parasomnia (where the dude hits his wife), leads to Parkinsons.
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What is a hypnotic?
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a sleeping pill
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What is insomnia correlated with?>
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Depression.
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What is the quickest cure for endogenous depression, and why is it not suitable as a long term treatment?
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Sleep deprivation. It returns as soon as patient gets sleep.
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What is bruxism?
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teeth grinding during sleep
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What is sleep paralysis?
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Feel awake but can't move (FAMILIAL)
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What is methylphenodate?
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aderol-->stimulant.
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What stimulants are the safest to use?
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Dopamine stimulants.
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What is the best way to treat insomnia long term?
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Cognitive behavioral therapy.
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What is the importance of Reticular formation?
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It is sufficient and necessary for wakefulness.
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What are the advantages of lesioning?
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1. Establish functionality
2. simple procedure |
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What are the disadvantages of lesioning?
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1.Doesn't descriminite cell types within nuclei.
2. hard to interpret/ repeat results 3.Variability of lesions 4. redundancy of sleep/wake systems |
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What is the importance of immunohistochemistry?
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Image proteins in situ
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Where do Anterograde tracers transmit?
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Efferent. (From the CNS to the muscles or glands)
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Where do retrograde tracers transmit?
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Afferent (from receptors towards the CNS)
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What is the purpose of microdialysis?
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Used to measure extracellular levels of NT's, and indirectly suggests which brain regions are required for each behavioral state.
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What are the advantages of microdialysis?
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1. Easy in behaving animals
2. discriminates between cell types |
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What are the disadvantages of microdialysis?
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1. Correlation
2. does not establish fxnality. |
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Effects of sleep deprivation mouse experiment
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ataxia, ulcers and skin lesions to tail and paws, 50% loss of EEG amplitude, body temp down, energy expenditure high,
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What are the metabolic effects on brain and body in SD rats?
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brain: hypometabolic (reduced fxn)
body: hypermetabolic (eat self from within) |
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What accounts for differences in cognitive vulnerability to sleep loss?
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Genetic variability (can't be trained).
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What is the relationship between sleep deprivation and cognitive ability? and self awareness of cognitive ability?
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Cognitive ability plummets, awareness levels off.
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What is hypersomnolence?
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Excessive sleepiness.
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What is cataplexy?
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Muscle weakness preceded by emotion
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When does narcolepsy typically onset?
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Adolesence
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What is OSAS?
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Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
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Compare contrast RLS and PLM
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RLS is a symptom, and 80% of patients with RLS have PLM's. PLM's are an EMG finding, and 30% with PLM's have RLS.
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What conditions are associated with RLS?
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Diabetes, Parkinson's, arthritis
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How is RLS usually treated?
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drogas
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What are the most common parasomnias?
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nightmares/terrors; sleep walking/talking; REM behavioral disorder, bruxism, bed wetting.
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Circadian rhythm disorders
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1. phase delay/advance
2.non 24 hr cycle 3.Jet lag 4. shift work |
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Are psychiatric disorders associated with insomnia more in young people or the elderly?
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young people
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