Slavery, Abolition, Suffrage

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Market Revolution

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The expansion and integration of markets."" The dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions. The ________was the result of the increased output of farms and factories, the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants, and the development of a transportation network of roads, canals, and railroads in order to get goods to consumers. (p. 260) ""By 1860, nearly one third of the nations citizens lived in the Midwest, where they created a complex society and economy that increasingly resembled those of the Northeast."" The erie canal for example....(p. 269)1793 Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin, and interchangeable parts, which revolutionized both southern agriculture and northern manufacturing. Cyrus McCormick invents the mechanical mower-reaper, which enabled profitable wheat farming in the West.

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Industrial Revolution (antebellum)

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The fabrication of goods, usually in well-organized factories, by machines powered by water wheels, steam engines, or electrical engines. The industrial revolution began in the english textile industry in the 1750's and spread to the United States around 1800. The new machine technology vastly increased the output of goods, and the spread of the factory system split industrial society into a class of wealthy capitalist owners and a mass of property less wage-earning workers.

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Cotton textile manufacturing

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There was a huge competition between British and American manufacturers trying to undersell each other. Brought about innovation on technology, improving output and production. American manufacturers employed two strategies: employing women and improving on British designs. Also brought about tariff protection for American manufactuers, and revealed women as a cheap source of labor to aid the economy. (p. 264) Cotton factories had their own system: southern farmers supplied the cotton, northern factories spun it into cloth, and the finished cloth was then either used at home or shipped abroad.

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mill girls”

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waged working women of the 1830s who worked in textile _______, giving women a sense of independence, provided cheaper source of labor, provided them with rooms and lectures and cultural activities. Using ______ as a cheap source of labor, and combining with tariff help and improvements on British technology, American manufacturers were able to undersell the rival British cotton/textile manufacturers. (p. 264)

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“Democratization” of Politics

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Grassroots movement to expand suffrage begins in West- Because land title and ownership is changing quickly in the West, the qualification of being a property owner to be a voter began to drop state by state. From this, men in the East began to call for this suffrage. Due to this, many states reduce or drop the qualifications for voting. Some even dropped the requirement of being a taxpayer to vote. Others even reduced qualifications for holding office. Previously, the state’s legislator chose the state officials, but by 1828 all but VA had extended this election to the voting public. This increased the representativeness in the states, and, by doing so, enthusiasm for participating in popular politics. People who had previously never been part of the voting class were now eligible, and like the gentry, they could vote. With this, there was near universal white male suffrage and political equality. This is a huge change, causing much enthusiasm for politics.

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Second Two-Party System

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This was the Jacksonian Democrats and the Whigs. Jacksonian Democrats were supporters of Andrew Jackson, and policies they embraced included: states' rights and a not too powerful national government. Their opponents were the Whig Party, whose leaders included Henry Clay and Daniel Webster, and their policies included: support of a moderate national government to promote the growth of economic expansion and movements involving reforms with education, prison, etc.

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Jacksonian Democrats

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Claiming to be the most democratic representation, they aligned with the “common man,” and campaigned against governmental barriers that prevented citizens from doing what they pleased.

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Martin Van Buren

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-Embodied principles of classical liberalism, or laissez-faire government. ""The world is governed too much"" they proclaimed as they embraced small government. Against national banking and protective tariffs, very contrary to FDR's social welfare liberalism. (p. 307)"

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Whig Party

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"This party claimed the spirit of the revolution and anti-tyranny . In an effort to oppose Jackson, dubbed ""King Andrew 1"", the Whigs were comfortable with the moderate use of the national government to expand the economic and internal improvements. They, also, claimed social and moral visions for the American republic. They supported, at the local and national levels, improved education, prison reform, disability assistance, temperance (in some states). The Whigs embraced the transition to a market economy and thus won support from the wealthy manufacturers in the North as well as the cotton-growing plantation owners in the South.

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Henry Clay

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Assembled a collection of political agreements known as the Missouri Compromise. A member of the whig party (see above). Campaigned for presidency in 1824 against Adams, Jackson, Calhoun, and Crawford. He based his candidacy on his "American System", an integrated program of national economic development. He wanted to enhance the powers of the Second Bank of the United States and to use tariff revenues to build canals and roads. He then loses the race, and begins to use his influence as Speaker to destroy Jackson's election and got Adams into office. Adams shows his gratitude by appointing _________ Secretary of State by the spoils system. (p. 293)

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John C. Calhoun

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______ served as secretary of war under James Monroe. In the Election of 1824, was elected vice president under John Quincy Adams; the president and vice president had a rocky relationship. In the Election of 1828 he retained the vice presidency, this time under Andrew Jackson. Also the first VP to resign in office. He developed a states' rights premise and interpretation of the constitution which defied president Andrew Jackson, and favored nullification. He wrote "The South Carolina Exposition and Protest" being the major voice of the South in national politics.

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Nullification Crisis

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Toward the end of his first term in office, Jackson was forced to confront the state of South Carolina on the issue of the protective tariff. Business and farming interests in the state had hoped that Jackson would use his presidential power to modify tariff laws they had long opposed. In their view, all the benefits of protection were going to Northern manufacturers, and while the country as a whole grew richer, South Carolina grew poorer, with its planters bearing the burden of higher prices. South Carolina declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 to be ________ and prohibited the collection of those duties in South Carolina after feb 1 1833. This act of __________ rested on the constitutional arguments developed in "The South Carolina Exposition and Protest" written anonymously by vice president Calhoun. Congress passed a Force Bill in 1833 allowing jackson to collect the tariff with miliarty means. There was a compromise and the tariff rates were lowered, SC was satisfied and so was Jackson. No state could ________ a law of the United States.

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Indian Removal Act, 1830

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______ to the west seemed the only way to protectIndian peoples from alcoholic devastation and financial exploitation and to preserve Indians' culture."" However, the indians didn't want to leave. The act, passed by Andrew Jackson, granted money and land in present day Oklahoma and Kansas to Native American peoples who would give up their ancestral holdings. When Indians refused to leave, Jackson sent troops to expel them. Battles, such as the Bad Axe Massacre ensued. Over the next five years, diplomatic pressure and military power forced about seventy tribes west of the Mississippi River. (p. 303) The relocated tribes were lumped together on one huge reservation, which made it difficult for them to preserve culture and tribal identity over the years.

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Worcester v. Georgia In Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)

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Chief Justice John Marshall denied the Cherokee’s claim of independence and declared that Indian peoples were “domestic dependent nations.” However, in Worcester v. Georgia (1832), Marshall and the court sided with the Cherokees against Georgia. Voiding Georgia’s extension of state law over the Cherokees, the court held that Indian nations were “distinct political communities, having territorial boundaries, within which their authority is exclusive [and this is] guaranteed by the United States.” Instead of guaranteeing the Cherokees’ territory, the U.S. government took it from them. (p.303)

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Trail of Tears

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In 1835, American officials negotiated the Treaty of New Echota with a minority Cherokee faction and insisted that all Cherokees abide by it and move to the new Indian Territory. When only 2000 of the 17000 Cherokees had moved by the deadline of may 1838, president martin van Buren ordered general Winfield Scott to enforce the treaty. Scott’s army rounded up some 14000 Cherokees and forcibly marched them 1200 miles to the Indian Territory, an arduous journey. Along the way, 3000 Indians died of starvation and exposure. (p.305)

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The Bank War

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Second Bank was responsible for stabilizing the nation’s money supply (replacing paper money with coin). Oppnonents felt that money should be in state banks because second bank really benefited the wealthy at the cost of the laborers. Henry Clay and Daniel Webster tried to get the agreement (which still had four years left) extended but it backfired when President Jackson took action against the bank deeming it unconstitutional and unpatriotic and worked to remove power from the banks (without congress’s support). This launched the ______ and the proponents of the bank fired back that Jackson was acting as a tyrant. Ultimately Jackson kept the Second Bank from being re-instated at the end of the term (4 years later). (301-302) "Jackson had destroyed both national banking- and the American System of protective tariffs and internal improvements initiated by Henry Clay and Adams."

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Transportation Revolution

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Without improvements in transporting goods throughout the nation, there would have been no change. Canals, railroads, and steamboats helped products reach the market easier. In another example of the positive influence of the state on the flourishing market system, the subsidies and grants that were apportioned for these transportation systems is apparent.

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Republican Motherhood

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Christian ministers embraced this idea—the idea that the primary political role of American women was to instill a sense of patriotic duty and mold their children into exemplary Republican citizens (p 234) "Preserving virtue and instructing the young are not the fancied, but the real 'Rights of Women'" Reverand Thomas Bernard argued his audience to dismiss the public roles for women, such as voting or serving on juries. Instead, women should care for their children.

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Doctrine of Separate Spheres

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The Doctrine of Separate Spheres divided work on the basis of gender. While men, who were full of passions and strongheadedness, were to "rule" the political and PUBLIC REALM, women, with their levelheadedness and morality, would reign in the DOMESTIC REALM. According to Nancy Cott (the author of the book we read), this "cult of domesticity" provided several platforms through which women would eventually begin to call for equality. Through the advocation of religious, educational, and sisterhood, women began to reach for enhanced lives. By arguing that these things all produced better mothers and wives, a "cult" of womanhood began to form in America.

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Second Great Awakening

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A religious revival movement during the early 19th century in the United States, which expressed Arminian theology by which every person could be saved through revivals. It enrolled millions of new members, and led to the formation of new denominations. Many converts believed that the ______ heralded a new millennial age. The _________ stimulated the establishment of many reform movements designed to remedy the evils of society before the Second Coming of Jesus Christ. Methodist and Baptist churches expanded rapidly at this time changing the religious make up of the united states. People were attracted to religious without hierarchy, where laymen had power. During this time, Many african americans started to convert to Protestantism, but adjusted the teachings to suit their needs in accordance with their traditional african religions. Also during this time, religion started to mix with politics. People had religious visions for the nation.

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Charles Grandison Finney

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Underwent an intense conversrion experience in 1823, in which he decided that the Presbyterian ministry was the career for him. He conducted emotional revival meetings, which stressed conversion rather than doctrine or discipline. Maintained "God would welcome any sinner who accepted the Holy Spirit." He drew on and greatly accelerated the Second Great Awakening, and was supported in New York by a magazine named The Christian Evangelist. (p. 283-4)

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Benevolent Empire

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Led by congregational and presbyterian ministers, members of the rising middle class who wanted safe cities and a disciplined workforce, created organizations of conservative social reform. The ultimate purpose was to restore "the moral government of God." -Lyman Beecher. Targeted age-old evils such as drunkenness, adultery, prostitution, and crime. Women formed a crucial role in this, and also wanted people and businesses to observe and respect the Christian Sabbath. The empire's efforts to impose these ideals eventually led to it's destruction as laborers argued that using laws to enforce moral beliefs was "contrary to the free spirit of our institutions."(p. 281-2)

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Temperance Movement

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Proved to be the most successful evangelical social reform. Involved taken temperance pledges, and began to gradually decline average alcohol consumption in America from five gallons in 1830, to two gallons in 1845 annually. "Evangelical reformers celebrated religion as key to temperate behavior... Laziness and drinking could not be cured by self discipline; rather people had to experiance a profound change of heart through religious conversion" (p. 283)

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Dorothea Dix

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Improved public institutions using her wealthy grandparents resources. As a child, she was poor and emotionally abused, yet grew into a compassionate woman with a strong sense of moral purpose. She set up charity schools to save some children, and became a successful author. Began the movement to establish separate state hospitals for those with mental illness. Wanted the expansion of hospitals and improvement of prisons. (p341)

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Elizabeth Cady Stanton

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an American social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early woman's movement. Her Declaration of Sentiments, presented at the first women's rights convention held in 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York, is often credited with initiating the first organized woman's rights and woman's suffrage movements in the United States.Her concerns included women's parental and custody rights, property rights, employment and income rights, divorce laws, the economic health of the family, and birth control. She was also an outspoken supporter of the 19th-century temperance movement.

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Feminization of American Religion Change in gender ideology

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Doctrine of separate spheres, males public, females and children, private. Thought that women were frail and weak, so doing anything else would make them less fertile. Everyone had jobs when they worked on farms, but now that men were in the business world, that was no place for women. Their new place was at home, a haven from the heartless world. Men were therefore busy with politics (women couldn't vote, too emotional), business, etc and could no longer be family's main link to the church. Church committees became all women. Ministers changed the bias against women in their sermons because male ministers couldn't preach to all women that they were the problem. Change in audience = change in preaching!

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American Colonization Society

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In an effort to resolve the debate over slavery in the United States, a diverse group of antislavery activists founded the ___________ in 1817. The organization's goal was to remove both free and enslaved African Americans from the United States and transport them to Africa. The members of the ______ believed that only after implementation of such a drastic solution could racial conflict in the United States be brought to an end. Although society members claimed to have good intentions, the extreme nature of their proposals undermined the society's popular appeal. members could not conceive of a biracial society in the United States, a limitation that brought them into direct conflict with other antislavery groups, particularly abolitionists, Radical Republicans, and African American leaders such as Frederick Douglass.

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American Anti-Slavery Society

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Main activist arm of the U.S. abolition movement, which sought an immediate end to slavery in the country (see abolitionism). Cofounded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and Arthur Tappan, it promoted the formation of state and local auxiliaries to agitate for abolition. Despite violent opposition, by 1840 the group had 2,000 auxiliaries and more than 150,000 members, including Theodore Weld and Wendell Phillips. Its most effective public meetings featured testimony by former slaves, including Frederick Douglass and William Wells Brown. In 1839 it split into two factions: a radical group led by Garrison that denounced the Constitution as supportive of slavery and a moderate faction led by Tappan that led to the birth of the Liberty Party.... 1) Appealed to religious Americans. 2) Aided African Americans who had fled from slavery (p. 337)

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Nat Turner’s Rebellion

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In southhampton county VA in 1831. In the insurrection, 57 whites were killed. It was crushed, and the slaves punished and killed- some of their heads put on spikes to warn other slaves not to rebel. Nat Turner was the central figure. He had been traveling to farms preaching his prophetic vision of fulfilling his Moses destiny, increasing the tension in the slavery debate. The Rebellion served to “justify” and frighten slavery’s supporters by giving owners the ammunition to control blacks morally and civilly. They postulated that blacks NEEDED to be controlled because they were hasty, impulsive, and savage. After the rebellion, Southern States toughened slave codes, limited black movement, and prohibited anyone to teach slaves to read/write. (p. 336)

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William Lloyd Garrison

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American Abolitionist who lived during mid 19th century. Famous for the creation of a famous abolitionist paper known as “The Liberator”. He was also one of the founders of the American Anti Slavery society, and also promoted the immediate and absolute emancipation of slaves in the US without owner compensation. He called the U.S Constitution, "a covenant with death and an agreement with Hell," because it implicitly accepted racial bondage. (p. 336)

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Sarah and Angelina Grimke. last two blanks about Angelina

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____ was born on November 26, 1792, and ______ was born on February 20, 1806. Around 1821, _______ went to visit Philadelphia and met the Society of Friends, which she became a member of in 1821, staying in Philadelphia. _______, following her sister's lead, became a member of the Society of Friends in Philadelphia in 1829, though she also became a Quaker. The beginning of their great importance was started by _____, however. _____ wrote a letter to William Lloyd Garrison on how slavery should be abolished, and it was published in his newspaper, The Liberator. So, Angelina continued writing.

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Angelina and Sarah Grimke

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In 1836, ______ wrote An Appeal to the Christian Women of the South, a pamphlet that addressed the moral view against slavery. This time, ______ followed her lead and wrote An Epistle to the Clergy of the Southern States. Both joined the AntiSlavery Society and began preaching privately on how it should be abolished. Then, someone came up to them and reminded them that women deserve rights too. So, they started preaching on women's rights, too.

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Angelina

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In 1837, Angelina wrote An Appeal to the Women of the Nominally Free States, and in 1838, Sarah wrote Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Woman. Also in 1838, Angelina married Theodore Dwight Weld, an abolitionist like Sarah and Angelina. Sarah, Angelina, and Weld together wrote Slavery As It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses. This book marked the end of Sarah and Angelina's preaching for slavery's abolition and women's rights. Sarah and Angelina spent the rest of their years working at Weld's school and moving to West Newton, Massachusetts, and Boston. Sarah died on December 23, 1873, and Angelina died on October 26, 1879."

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Cotton Kingdom

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Lower South- NC, SC, GA, etc.; Cotton became of crucial significance, and by 1860 it accounted for 2/3 of all exports from the US and 2/3 of the cotton sold and traded in the world. Just as cotton became the backbone of the expansive and prosperous economy of the south, it also contributed to the prosperity of northern businessmen. It was a regional and national phenomenon. The cotton industry also created more national debate and southern support for slavery. In the 1790s, when tobacco prices began to fall, they began to look around for other crops. They, soon, realized the opportunities that came with growing cotton for England’s large demand. Furthermore, the difficulty of separating short-staple cotton from the seed led to the creation of the cotton gin. This increased the yield of cotton processing 50 fold, creating a cash crop. Cotton was not, however, an economy of scale (when you have the same expensive equipment as you do product), leading to the expansion of cotton’s prosperity because as cotton growth increased, so did income.

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Domestic (or interstate) slave trade

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Became a crucial commercial enterprise which replaced the Atlantic Slave Trade with domestic, there was a "mania for buying negroes." Plantation owners wanted more slaves to produce more cotton, and more money to buy more slaves. The domestic slave trade began to increase with the growth of cotton. In order to both finance the necessary industrialization of farms and profitability via slave work, slave owners began to sell slaves domestically. It intensified the slave debate, and produced legislation like the Fugitive Slave Act, etc since slaves would run to free states. Selling slaves separated families. (p. 353)

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“The Planter Elite”

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Class of Southern society in the 1800's leading up to the Civil War. They were the minority of the population at the time, controlling 90% of the South's wealth through the ownership of various cotton plantations. Each owned over 100 slaves and huge tracts of the most fertile lands. On the eve of the Civil War, southern planters accounted for 2/3 of all American men with wealth over $100,000. The aristocratic culture built mansions and adopted the manners and values of the English landed gentry. Then there were profit driven planters in the Cotton South, who worked their slaves nearly to death. (p. 356-7)

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Frederick Douglas

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The son of his master and mother, used a free man's identification to escape to New York and marry his wife. Regularly lectured at the American Anti-Slavery Society, and founded an anti-slavery newspaper called the "North Star." The foremost black abolitionist, endorsed the free-soil movement. (p. 388)

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Missouri Crisis/Missouri Compromise

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"Crisis became a debate on constitutional issues:
1) Does Congress have power to forbid slavery in the territories?
According to the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, Congress had clear power to forbid slavery in the nation, but southern arguments centered around the question of whether or not Congress could control personal property.
2) Could slaveholders be denied right to carry property into territories?- Pinkney argued that Congress could not take property away from citizens without due process of law. Furthermore, if Congress denies MO “slavehood,” then people moving to MO could not take their slaves. This raised the constitutional issue of whether or not Congress has the authority to assign slave legislation to territories/states; because the national constitution clearly did not forbid slavery (and even protected it), Congress did not have the right to relegate state “slavehood.”

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Missouri Compromise

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slavery excluded (only) north of 36 30’ latitude- In order to avoid future debates on slavery, the 36 30 line was created. Henceforth, slavery would not be allowed above the line, but it would be allowed below the line. While it seemed that the north got the better end of the deal, the south agreed easily because much of the unorganized territory was already deemed the “Great American Desert.”
(p. 243) ______ was created by Henry Clay, admitted Missouri as a slave state above the 36 30 line, and admitted Maine as a non-slave state in order to maintain an equal number of senators from free and slave states. Basically resolved the lands of the Lousiana Purchase from slave and non slave states. "

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“Manifest Destiny”

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Introduced by John L. O'Sullivan in 1845 to describe the idea that American citizens should settle the North American continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. Adding geographical and secular dimensions to the Second Great Awakening, Manifest Destiny implied that the spread of American republican institutions and Protestant churches across the continent was a part of god's plan for the world. In the late 19th century, the concept was broadened to include overseas expansion.

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Oregon Trail

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People were trying to find the best routes to get to different places in the west. Oregon Trail! Off of it is the California trail, almost all of the Americans that moved to the trans-Mississippi west crossed over the great plains moved to either the pacific northwest of CA, but didn't settle in the great plains. It was dry, no trees to make homes, riding through the tall prairie grasses, didn't settle there until the 1870's, then gold rush in 1849. The Oregon Trail is a historic east-west wagon route that was the oldest of the northern commercial and emigrant trails because of its early developmental role in the highly profitable overland fur trade in the early nineteenth-century.

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James K. Polk and “fifty-four forty or fight”

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Pacific Northwest was inhabited by fur traders, US more or less agreed to share some of Oregon and some of Canada with Britain. Polk is President, more Indians living in the Pacific Northwest. 1844, referendum on expansion, slogan that Polk used about wanting Oregon/54th coordinate was "54, 40 or fight". Would be exciting fighting British again and getting Oregon! Didn't go to war with Britain because US went to war with MEXICO instead!

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US-Mexico War

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War starts in Texas, Polk sends a request to congress for money and appropriations, Penn congressman, Belmony, attaches an amendement, Belmon's proviso. Mexico won its independence from Spain, Mexico outlawed slavery, so since Mexico had made the land free soil, if US gained that territory, US can't be the instrument that reinstates slavery, no slavery in territory ceded by Mexico. Gained lots of territory!

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Wilmot Proviso

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Event leading up to the civil war. It would have banned slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico (in the Mexican War) or in the future. Congressman ______ introduced the ________ 1846 as a rider on a bill concerning the Mexican-American War. Failed to pass a few times. Also, attempt to be put in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo unsuccessful. "The senate's rejection of the _______ prompted anti-slavery advocates to revive Thomas Morris' charge of a massive SLAVE POWER CONSPIRACY." (p. 388)

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Conscience Whigs

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Their _____ led them to be antislavery, not activists, thought it was wrong, didn’t want it to grow to the north. "They warned of a southern conspiracy to add new slave states and ensure permanent control of the federal government by slave-holding Democrats." (p. 386) _____ politicians who opposed the Mexican war (1846-1848) on moral grounds. They maintained that the purposed of the war was to expand and perpetuate slavery. They feared that the addition of more slave states would ensure the south’s control of the national government and undermine a society of yeomen farmers and “free labor” in the north.

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Cotton Whigs

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Some were southern slave holding, some northern business men who dealt with cotton, textile, insurance, lords of the lash and looms

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Free-Soil Movement

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a short-lived political party in the United States active in the 1848 and 1852 presidential elections, and in some state elections. It was a third party that largely appealed to and drew its greatest strength from New York State. The party leadership consisted of former anti-slavery members of the Whig Party and the Democratic Party. Its main purpose was opposing the expansion of slavery into the western territories, arguing that free men on _______ comprised a morally and economically superior system to slavery. They opposed slavery in the new territories and sometimes worked to remove existing laws that discriminated against freed African Americans in states such as Ohio.

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Free-Soil Party

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Movement/party. Northern based, still whigs and democrats in the North as well. Still not as racist as antebellum southerners. Figured they had enough support for their own party, and own presidential candidate. 3 different groups of people.

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Know-Nothing Party

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The ________ movement was a nativist American political movement of the 1840s and 1850s. It was empowered by popular fears that the country was being overwhelmed by German and Irish Catholic immigrants, who were often regarded as hostile to Anglo-Saxon Protestant values and controlled by the pope in Rome. Mainly active from 1854 to 1856, it strove to curb immigration and naturalization, though its efforts met with little success. Membership was limited to Protestant males of British lineage over the age of twenty-one. There were few prominent leaders, and the largely middle-class and entirely Protestant membership fragmented over the issue of slavery. The movement originated in New York in 1843 as the American Republican Party. It spread to other states as the Native American Party and became a national party in 1845. In 1855 it renamed itself the American Party.[1] The origin of the "_______" term was in the semi-secret organization of the party. When a member was asked about its activities, he was supposed to reply, ""I ____________.""[2]"

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Crisis of 1850

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There was a gold rush in california in 1849 which created a spike in population in california. People living there were worried about their welfare so they wanted to apply for statehood, and therefore created the argument of whether or not california should be a free state. This created a crisis that applied to all new territory gained after the mexico america war, how should the us government decide if a state should be free or have slavery? (p. 391)

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Compromise of 1850

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was made up of five different laws, created by Whigs Henry Clay and Daniel Webster. To please the south, it Included the fugitive slave act (forced northern magistrates to return runaway slaves). To please the north, California was admitted as a free state, resolved a boundary dispute between new mexico and texas in favor of new mexico, and abolished the slave trade (but not slavery) in the district of columbia. To please the South, it included a new Fugitive Slave Act that enlisted federal magistrates in the task of returning runaway slaves. Finally, it organized the rest of the lands gathered from mexico into new mexico and utah and left the decision over slavery in those areas to popular sovereignty. (p. 391-2)

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Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

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was passed by the United States Congress on September 18, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850 between Southern slave holding interests and Northern Free-Soilers. This was one of the most controversial acts of the 1850 compromise and heightened Northern fears of a 'slave power conspiracy'. It declared that all runaway slaves be brought back to their masters. Abolitionists nicknamed it the "Bloodhound Law" for the dogs that were used to track down runaway slaves. Riots and fights broke out as abolitionists tried to help the fugitive slaves and drive the "kidnappers" out of town. (p. 393)

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“Personal Liberty Laws”

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A northern response to the fugitive slave act of 1850. Legislators in northern states added their opposition to the fugitive act, claiming that it violated state sovereignty by interfering in their legal affairs, so they enacted a new set of __________ that increased the rights of their residents, including accused fugitives. (p. 394)

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Kansas-Nebraska Act

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1854; In an effort to decrease cost to ship products across the nation, the transcontinental railroad was introduced. There was debate, however, over which city along the Miss River would serve as the Eastern terminus connecting the West to the Eastern seaboard. Stephen Douglass submits a law to congress in order to make Chicago, Illinois this city. In this Bill, he proposed the Indian Territory in the Great Plains. Rebuke came in the form of cries against Congress’ right to close territory in the US to any settlers. He rewrites the Bill and includes a provision that would repeal the MO Compromise Line. The bill passes, and KS and NB are established as territories.

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Bleeding Kansas”

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In an attempt to control the territories and align them with their politics, anti and pro slavery settlers rushed into KS, and they establish two rival governments.“Sack of Lawrence”: Pro-slavery settlers attacked the city in order to ensure that KS would be a slave state. When Congress heard of this small civil war, there is much debate and senator Charles Sumner from Mass. is caned by an angry old southerner.

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Stephen Douglas

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Was a champion of Lewis Cass's idea of squatter sovereignty. He believed the territorial residents should decide if their state should have free soil. _______ called his plan popular sovereignty to emphasize its roots in republican ideology. Had a hand in the Kansas Nebraska act that helped disintegrate the Whig Party and create turmoil amongst the democrats (see kansas nebraska act).

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Lecompton Constitution

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In an attempt to settle the debate over Kansas, the ___________n is submitted. It contains proslavery tenets, so there was a vote set forth to the people of KS that came back overwhelmingly anti-slavery keeping KS a territory until it was admitted as a free state in 1861.

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The Slave Power”

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the idea that the south is trying to take over the union by adding more slave states and gaining power through slave holding. It was a term used in the Northern United States (primarily in the period 1840–1875) to characterize the political power of the slaveholding class in the South.

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Dred Scott v. Sandford

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"In March of 1857, the United States Supreme Court, led by Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, declared that all blacks -- slaves as well as free -- were not and could never become citizens of the United States. The court also declared the 1820 Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, thus permiting slavery in all of the country's territories. The case before the court was that of ________. ________, a slave who had lived in the free state of Illinois and the free territory of Wisconsin before moving back to the slave state of Missouri, had appealed to the Supreme Court in hopes of being granted his freedom.

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Taney

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a staunch supporter of slavery and intent on protecting southerners from northern aggression -- wrote in the Court's majority opinion that, because Scott was black, he was not a citizen and therefore had no right to sue. The framers of the Constitution, he wrote, believed that blacks ""had no rights which the white man was bound to respect; and that the negro might justly and lawfully be reduced to slavery for his benefit. He was bought and sold and treated as an ordinary article of merchandise and traffic, whenever profit could be made by it."" Referring to the language in the Declaration of Independence that includes the phrase, ""all men are created equal,"" reasoned that ""it is too clear for dispute, that the enslaved African race were not intended to be included, and formed no part of the people who framed and adopted this declaration. . . .""

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Republican Party

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Founded in northern states in 1854 by anti-slavery activists, modernizers, ex-Whigs and ex-Free Soilers, the _______ quickly became the principal opposition to the dominant Democratic Party. It first came to power in 1860 with the election of Abraham Lincoln to the Presidency and oversaw the American Civil War and Reconstruction.

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“wage slavery”

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Pro-slavery southerners claimed that slavery was part of the 19th century humanitarian movements. Because people of African heritage were considered inferior, they could not manage independently. Pro-slavery southerners, also, argued that the slaves were "taken care of" versus the factory wage labor system that had pervaded the northern employment system. They propagandized this as “______.”

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Harriet Beecher Stowe

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Author of Uncle Tom's cabin, the nation's first protest novel. Cincinnati. Dad minister, sometimes gave antislavery sermons, 1 of 11 kids, mother died early, met Calvin Stowe at seminary, 7 kids, homemaker, wrote a lot, published in ladies' magazines, small time writing career, sister was in the cult of domesticity, advocated of education for girls, but only so that they could be better mothers.

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Ostend Manifesto

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(Oct. 18, 1854), communication from three U.S. diplomats to Secretary of State William L. Marcy, advocating U.S. seizure of Cuba from Spain; the incident marked the high point of the U.S. expansionist drive in the Caribbean in the 1850s. After Pierre Soulé, U.S. minister to Spain, had failed in his mission to secure the purchase of Cuba (1853), Marcy directed James Buchanan, minister to Great Britain, and John Y. Mason, minister to France, to confer with Soulé at ______, Belg. Their dispatch urged U.S. seizure of Cuba if the U.S. possessed the power and if Spain refused the sale.

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John Brown’s Raid on Harpers Ferry

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was a white abolitionish who raids the federal arsenal in Virginia. Before this he was living in Kansas and became radicalized by Bleeding Kansas. The government sends soldiers to stop _______ and it only takes a couple of days to put his uprising down. His plan was to capture this arsenal and set up a free state in the south. He would then spread freedom for slaves in the south from there. This really freaked Southerners out. They really feel the north has it out for them.

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Abraham Lincoln

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served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. He successfully led the country through its greatest internal crisis, the American Civil War, preserved the Union, and ended slavery. Reared in a poor family on the western frontier, he was mostly self-educated. He became a country lawyer, an Illinois state legislator, and a one-term member of the United States House of Representatives, but failed in two attempts at a seat in the United States Senate.

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Confederate States of America

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an unrecognized state set up from 1861 to 1865 by eleven southern slave states of the United States of America that had declared their secession from the U.S. The U.S. government rejected secession as illegal, and after four years of fighting in the American Civil War, the ______ armies surrendered, its government collapsed, and its slaves were emancipated. The _______'s control over its claimed territory shrank steadily during the course of the war, as the Union took control of much of the seacoast and inland waterways.

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First Secession

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before lincoln took office (march 4 1861) these seven states seceeded south carolina, mississippi, florida, alabama, georgia, louisiana, texas

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Second Secession

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after fort sumter attack (april 1861) four more states seceeded. virginia (ratified by voters), arkansas, tennessee (ratified by voters), and north carolina

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Crittenden Compromise

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Series of compromises in 1860 – 61 intended to forestall the American Civil War. Sen. _______ proposed constitutional amendments that would reenact provisions of the Missouri Compromise and extend them to the western territories, indemnify owners of fugitive slaves whose return was prevented by antislavery elements in the North, allow a form of popular sovereignty in the territories, and protect slavery in the District of Columbia. The plan was rejected by president-elect Abraham Lincoln and narrowly defeated in the Senate.

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Battle of Fort Sumter

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was the bombardment and surrender of _______, near Charleston, South Carolina, that started the American Civil War. Following declarations of secession by seven Southern states, South Carolina demanded that the U.S. Army abandon ________ since the fort was located in South Carolina territory and South Carolina no longer considered itself part of the Union. The Union refused to relinquish the fort. When the ultimatum deadline passed, an artillery barrage ensued, lasting until the fort was surrendered. There was no loss of life on either side as a direct result of this engagement. The President used this event as a symbolic justification to raise a Union army for the purpose of suppressing the rebellion.

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Robert E. Lee

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the Confederacy's most famous general in the American Civil War. was first a soldier in the U.S. Army: He attended West Point (graduating second in his class) and became an engineer in the United States Army, serving with success in the Mexican-American War of 1846-48. As the Civil War broke out in 1861, Lee resigned his commission and joined the forces of the South. In 1862 he was made commander of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, and over the next three years became famous as he led the army to a series of victories over the larger and better-equipped Union forces. He was defeated at the 1863 Battle of Gettysburg and finally surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House on 9 April 1865, effectively ending the war.

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Battle of Bull Run

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was fought on July 21, 1861, near Manassas, Virginia. It was the first major land battle of the American Civil War. The North planned to try and strike the Confederacy's capital in Richmond virginia to put an early end to the war. The North performed a poorly executed attack on the South's flank, and the south was initially at a disadvantage. The South recruited reinforcements, of which included a brigade from Virginia led by Thomas Jackson who stood his ground admirably and received the nickname stonewall jackson. It was a harsh battle, and people realized this war would be much longer and bloodier than anyone had anticipated.

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Battle at Antietam

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fought on September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland, and ________ Creek, as part of the Maryland Campaign, was the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with about 23,000 casualties. Although the battle was tactically inconclusive, it had unique significance as enough of a victory to give President Abraham Lincoln the confidence to announce his Emancipation Proclamation, which discouraged the British and French governments from potential plans for recognition of the Confederacy.

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“Total War”

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a war limitless in its scope in which a belligerent engages in the mobilization of all their available resources, in order to render beyond use their rival's capacity for resistance.

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Enrollment Act of 1863

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"By January 1863 it was clear that state governors in the north could not raise enough troops for the Union Army. On 3rd March, the federal government passed the ______. This was the first example of conscription or compulsory military service in United States history. The decision to allow men to avoid the draft by paying $300 to hire a substitute, resulted in the accusation that this was a rich man's war and a poor man's fight. The _______ resulted in Draft Riots in several American cities. There was heavy loss of life in Detroit but the worst rioting took place in New York City in July. The mob set fire to an African American church and orphanage, and attacked the office of the New York Tribune. Started by Irish immigrants, the main victims were African Americans and activists in the anti-slavery movement. The Union Army were sent in and had to open fire on the rioters in order to gain control of the city. By the time the riot was over, nearly a 1,000 people had been killed or wounded.

It is estimated that of those who took part in the American Civil War, 75,215 were regulars, 1,933,779 were volunteers and 46,347 were drafted and 73,600 were substitutes. Officially, 201,397 men deserted, of these 76,526 were arrested and returned to their regiments."

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Battle of Gettysburg

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This most famous and most important Civil War Battle occurred over three hot summer days, July 1 to July 3, 1863, around the small market town of _______, _____. It began as a skirmish but by its end involved 160,000 Americans.
Before the battle, major cities in the North such as Philadelphia, Baltimore and even Washington were under threat of attack from General Robert E. Lee's Confederate Army of Northern Virginia which had crossed the Potomac River and marched into Pennsylvania.

The Union Army of the Potomac under its very new and untried commander, General George G. Meade, marched to intercept Lee.

On Tuesday morning, June 30, an infantry brigade of Confederate soldiers searching for shoes headed toward _______ (population 2,400). The Confederate commander looked through his field glasses and spotted a long column of Federal cavalry heading toward the town. He withdrew his brigade and informed his superior, Gen. Henry Heth, who in turn told his superior, A.P. Hill, he would go back the following morning and ""get those shoes.""

Wednesday morning, July 1, two divisions of Confederates headed back to _______. They ran into Federal cavalry west of the town at Willoughby Run and the skirmish began. Events would quickly escalate. Lee rushed 25,000 men to the scene. The Union had less than 20,000.

After much fierce fighting and heavy casualties on both sides, the Federals were pushed back through the town of ________ and regrouped south of the town along the high ground near the cemetery. Lee ordered Confederate General R.S. Ewell to seize the high ground from the battle weary Federals ""if practicable."" Gen. Ewell hesitated to attack thereby giving the Union troops a chance to dig in along Cemetery Ridge and bring in reinforcements with artillery. By the time Lee realized Ewell had not attacked, the opportunity had vanished. The battle of _________ is often described as the war's turning point. Union Maj. Gen. George Gordon Meade's Army of the Potomac defeated attacks by Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, ending Lee's invasion of the North."

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Battle of Vicksburg

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was the final significant battle in the ______ Campaign of the American Civil War. In a series of skilled maneuvers, Union Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and his Army of the Tennessee crossed the Mississippi River and drove the Confederate army of Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton into defensive lines surrounding the fortress city of ______. Grant besieged the city from May 18 to July 4, 1863, until it surrendered, yielding command of the Mississippi River to the Union and thus securing one of its major objectives for achieving victory in the war; splitting the southern states at the Mississippi River. The simultaneous victory the day before, at Gettysburg, gave cause for great excitement in the Northern states. However, almost two more years of bloodshed stood between this victory and the end of the war on April 9, 1865.

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Emancipation Proclamation

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an executive order issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War under his war powers. It proclaimed the freedom of 3.1 million of the nation's 4 million slaves, and immediately freed 50,000 of them, with the rest freed as Union armies advanced.[1] On September 22, 1862, Lincoln announced that he would issue a formal emancipation of all slaves in any state of the Confederate States of America that did not return to Union control by January 1, 1863. The actual order was signed and issued January 1, 1863; it named the locations under Confederate control where it would apply. Lincoln issued the Executive Order by his authority as "Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy" under Article II, section 2 of the United States Constitution.

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Sherman’s March Through Georgia

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in 1864 was one of the most dramatic and effective moves in the American Civil War. Collaborating closely with his superior, General Ulysses S. Grant on the Virginia front, Union General William T. Sherman starting from his base in Atlanta marched across the state of Georgia to Savannah on the Atlantic coast, reaching his objective just before Christmas. There wasn't much fighting, but Sherman systematically burned the plantations and freed the slaves, thus destroying the infrastructure of a small part of the Confederacy, proving that the Confederates were unable to defend their homes, slaves, property, or families. Sherman understood the march would be "fatal to the possibility of Southern independence; they may stand the fall of Richmond, but not of all Georgia."

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Thirteenth Amendment

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1865, slavery is abolished!!