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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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**Skull radiographs require ____/____ and ____ is preferred for diagnostic imaging.
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Sedation/anesthesia
CT preferred |
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**What are the 4 required projections for skull radiographs?
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1) DV
2) Lateral 3) Right Oblique 4) Left oblique |
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Why are labels so critical for skull radiographs?
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Head is completely symmetrical so won't know what's left and right
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What does the lower marker and top marker correspond with on lateral oblique projections of the skull?
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Top marker=more dorsal mandible/maxilla
Lower marker= more ventral mandible/maxilla |
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A dog comes into your clinic and you suspect a nasal disease, what are 2 ways you can get a radiograph of just the maxilla and turbinates?
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Intraoral
Or lots of gauze and anesthesia |
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*What is one of the first tings you should you do when evaluating a skull radiograph?
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*Define as aggressive or benign
*Monostotic or polyostotic |
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What types of neoplasms affect the skull (3)?
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*Differnet from long bones
-Squamous cell carcinoma mandible or maxilla -Carcinoma or lymphoma of nasal passages -Osteosarcoma or MLO for skull |
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**True or false. Neoplasms of the skull are the same as long bones.
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False!
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**What are 3 radiographic signs of dental disease?
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1) Lucencies around tooth roots
-Periapical lucencies 2) Loss of alveolar bone 3) Loss of lamina dura |
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**Is the mandible or maxilla more commonly affected by dental disease in camelids?
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Mandible
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**What are 2 secondary metabolic bone diseases that affect the skull? How do they appear radiographically?
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1) Nutritional (juvenile)
--> thin long bones 2) Renal (adult) --> mandible is too thin, bone is all more luscent |
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**What are 3 radiographic signs of dental disease?
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1) Loss of lamina dura
2) Demineralization of bone ("floating teeth") 3) Thin cortices and diffuse loss of opacity of mandible |
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**What 2 breeds of dogs tend to get craniomandibular osteopathy at 3-8 months of age?
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Westie and scottie
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**What parts of the skull are affected by craniomandibular osteopathy?
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Mandible, tympanic bulla
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**What are the radiographic signs of craniomandibular osteopathy?
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-Irregular bony proliferation of mandible and tympanic bulla
-Bilateral, asymmetric |
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*How do you treat a dog with craniomandibular osteopathy?
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Pain management, it's self limiting like HOD, but sometimes dogs won't eat because of mechanical interference...then have to intervene
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What are the signs of TMJ involvement in a dog with craniomandibular osteopathy?
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Difficultyy opening mouth and/ or odynophagia (painful eating)
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**How do animals present with termporomandibular dysplasia?
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Open mouth jaw locking (w/ yawn)
-condyloid process of mandible is trapped and instead of being medial to zygomatic arch it goes lateral |
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How do you find the temporomandibular joint in any specie?
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Find tympanic bulla and look rostral
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**What is otitis media?
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fluid within the tympanic bulla
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***What are the 2 aggressive lesions of the bulla?
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Neoplasia
-benign or malignant Bulla osteitis -*****No medulla so not osteomyelitis!!!!!! |
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*What are the 2 bony locations where osteomyelitis cannot occur?
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P3 on horses
Tympanic bullae -NO MEDULLA=osteitis |
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**What animals get nasopharynageal polyps (benign inflammatory tissue)?
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Young cats 1-3 years
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**How do cats with nasopharyngeal polyps clinically present?
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-Sneezing
-Nasal discharge -Stertor (snoring) -Dyspnea -Dysphagia -Gagging -Head shaking |
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**What are 2 locations that animals get inflammatory polyps?
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1) Middle ear
2) Auditory tube |
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**Inflammatory polyps in the middle ear can extend into what 2 locations?
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1) Pharynx
2) External ear canal |
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**What is an aural cholesteatoma?
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Expansile mass of tympanic bulla, not contrast enhancing
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Are aural cholesteatomas unilateral or bilateral? What causes them? What's the prognosis?
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Either one
Secondary to chronic otitis Poor prognosis bc can't open mouth |
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You are examining the ears of a cat and see something bulging back at you, what's high on your differentials?
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Inflammatory polyp
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**Is rhinitis a destructive nasal disease?
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Can be destructive or non-destructive
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**What are 3 causes of rhinitis?
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1) Fungal
2) Immune mediated 3) Foreign body |
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***Is neoplasia in the nasal cavity usually diffuse or solitary?
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Usually causes a mass
( except lymphoma bc infiltrative) |
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**What is located between the nasal passages and the brain?
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Cribiform plate
-*Neoplasia or fungal rhinitis can extend into the brain |
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**True or false. Choanal atresia can be acquired or congenital.
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False, present at birth!
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*What are the 2 types of choanal atresia?
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Can be complete or partial
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**What are 5 radiographic signs of choanal atresia?
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1) Concave nasofrontal junction
2) Convex maxillary dental arcade 3) Thickened vomer bone 4) Dorsally located soft palate 5) +/- large foramina |
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**What is rhinography?
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Where take contrast media and squirt it up the nose
-Should go to pharynx, but if doesn't and stops at jct of nasal cavity and pharynx means no communication= choanal atresia |
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How can you tell if a dog has hydrocephaly?
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Look for open fontanelle and "doming" and cortical thinning of calvarium
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What is occipital dysplasia?
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Where get a dorsal extension of the foramen magnum
-Toy breeds -Neuro signs |
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What are the 3 types of IVDD?
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1) Type I: chondroid degeneration of nucleus pulposus that extrudes into vertebral canal
-Doxis 2) Type II: annulus fibrosis bulges dorsally 3) Type III: traumatic disc rupture |
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**Where is IVDD rare? Why?
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T2-T10 Bc of the intercapital ligament
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***What is the main sign of IVDD?
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*Narrowed:
-Disc space -Intervertebral foramen -Articular joint ~ Can get mineral opacity |
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**What is the best next step after diagnosing IVDD on a radiograph?
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MRI=best!!!
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What are some other imaging options after seeing what you think is IVDD if MRI is not available?
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CT myelogram (next best)
CT (next best) Myelogram |
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**Why is it important to always look for transitional vertebrae?
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Surgical planning
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How much bone lysis has to occur for it to be radiographically visible?
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50%
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What is the benefit of a CT for IVDD over a MRI or myelogram?
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Faster
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**When do you see disc material on a CT of IVDD?
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When disc material is mineralized
Reserve for chondrodystrophic breeds |
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**What causes Alanto-axial subluxation?
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Incomplete development/lack of:
-Dense of C2 or -Alanto-axial ligaments |
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What is a classic breed affected by alanto-axial subluxation?
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Maltese
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Why is it a big no no to flex the neck when you suspect an alanto-axial subluxation?
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Stretches nerves
-Also creates increased gap bw C1 &C2 on dorsal aspect |
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**With wobblers (cervical vertebral instability), is the condition static or dynamic?
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Can be either one
Static-all the time dynamic-changes w/ position |
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**What are 4 causes of cervical vertebral instability?
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1) Mal-alignment of vertebrae (subluxation)
2) Hypertrophy of ligamentum flavum 3) Malformation of articular processes of joints 4) OCD of articular joints |
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What breeds of dogs are affected by cervical vertebral instability?
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Great danes
Dobermans |
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In order to see cervical vertebral instability, how much narrowing of dorsal and ventral contrast medium columns needs to occur?
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50%
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**How does discospondylitis present on a radiograph?
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Aggressive lesion where get lysis of endplates
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**What is the most common cause of discospondylitis according to her? boards?
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Urinary tract infections=Her
Staph=Boards |
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What is your next step after seeing discospondylitis on a radiograph?
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Culture the urine
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**What is the clinical significance of spondylosis deformans?
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Incidental except may cause clinical signs at lumbosacral junction
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True or false. Spondylosis deformans affects the end plates.
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FALSE, that's discospondylitis, spondylosis affects ventral and lateral.
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**True or false. Discospondylitis = spondylosis deformans.
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NO!!!!!!
-itis=bad, osis=incidental finding |
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*What are 6 causes of the compression of nerve roots that causes Cauda Equine syndrome?
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1) Lumbosacral dynamic instability
2) LS spondylosis 3) LS stenosis *congenital or acquired 4) LS IVDD 5) OCD of Cranial sacrum 6) Bony proliferation of LS intervertebral foramen |
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What imaging is the best to evaluate cauda equina syndrome?
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MRI
then CT |
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Why can't you do a myelogram to evaluate Cauda equine syndrome?
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No subarachnoid space back there, but can do epidurogram but messy and not very helpful
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**What kind of projections do you want to take to evaluate cauda equine syndrome?
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Flexed and extended imaging
*Dynamic component |
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What do you look for on a radiograph of cauda equine syndrome?
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Step down from sacrum to lumbar, sacrum can tip down
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**How can you tell if there's severe compression with an MRI?
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Cannot see epidural fat
(w/moderate compression can see epidural fat) |
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What are the 3 general types of neoplasia that can affect the spinal cord and vertebral column?
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1) Primary neoplasm
2) Metastatic neoplasm 3) Multicentric neoplasia |
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Where are primary spine neoplasia usually located and why?
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Intradural extramedullary because they are often meningiomas
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**What are the 3 primary vertebral neoplasms and where are they located (intramedullary, intradural extramedullary, extradural)?
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Osteosarcoma
Chondrosarcoma Fibrosarcoma -Extradural |
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**What are 3 metastatic vertebral neoplasias? Where are they located (intramedullary, intradural extramedullary, extradural)?
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Prostatic/ mammary/ osteosarcoma
-Extradural |
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**What are 2 multicentric neoplasia that affect the spinal cord? Where are they located (intramedullary, intradural extramedullary, extradural)?
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Lymphoma
Histiocytic sarcoma All 3 locations possible |
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**What multicentric neoplasia affects the vertebra?
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Multiple myeloma (can also affect the ribs)
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