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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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For a lateral skull which two anatomic lines must be perpendicular to the IR
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IOML and IPL
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What is seen in profile on a lateral skull
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sella turcica
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What are the breathing techniques for a skull or facial exam?
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Suspend breathing
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On a PA Axial Caldwell how much and in what direction is the tube angled
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15 degrees caudad
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For a 15 degree PA axial skull where should the petrous ridges lie? For 30 degree angulation?
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Lower 1/3rd of orbits. Inferior to the orbital floor.
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Where and how should the CR enter for a lateral skull?
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CR should be perpendicular and enter 2" above the EAM.
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For a Caldwell view of the skull or facial bones where should the CR exit.
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CR exits at the nasion.
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AP axial Towne method for skull is done to show what anatomy.
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Foramen Magnum in the Occipital bone.
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Which anatomic landmark lines should be perpendicular for a towne skull exam?
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IOML or OML.
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If IOML is perpendicular to IR for a Towne view how many degrees should the IR be angled? OML?
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IOML = 37 degrees caudal.
OML = 30 degrees caudal. |
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Where should the CR enter and exit for the Towne method?
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CR should enter 2 1/2" above the glabella at the level of the EAM and exit at the foramen magnum.
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For a hypersthenic patient how should you adjust the body to make the IPL come into better alignment.
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Elevate the patients head on a radiolucent sponge.
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For a trama Towne how should the angle of the CR be adjusted?
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Change from a 30 degree caudal for OML to a 40-60 caudal angle.
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What is demonstrated on a trauma Towne exam?
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Entire foramen magnum.
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For a lateral facial exam which body plane is parallel to the IR?
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MSP or midsagittal plane
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Where should the CR be centered and how much angulation is needed for a lateral facial exam?
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CR is perpendicular to the lateral surface of the zygomatic bone halfway between outer canthus and EAM.
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Where should the IR be centered for a lateral facial exam?
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The zygomatic bone should be in the center of the IR.
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Which landmark line should be parallel to the transverse axis of the IR for a lateral facial exam?
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IOML should be parallel to the transverse axis of the IR
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Which landmark line is perpendicular to the IR for a lateral facial exam?
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IPL is perpendicular
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What is another name for the Parietoacanthial view of the skull or sinus?
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Waters
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Which size IR is required for a Waters view and what is the orientation?
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8x10 lengthwise
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Which body part is touching the IR for a Waters view?
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Chin
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How far away is the tip of the nose from the bucky for a Waters view?
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3/4"
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The OML forms how much of an angle to the plane of the IR on a Waters view?
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37 degrees
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Where does the CR exit and how much angulation is needed for the Waters view?
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CR is perpendicular and exits at the acanthion.
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Where should the petrous ridges be seen on a Waters view?
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Just inferior to the maxillary sinuses
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Which landmark line is perpendicular to the IR in a Waters view?
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MML is nearly perpendicular.
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Which body parts touch the IR for a Caldwell view?
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Forehead and tip of nose.
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What angle should a Modified Waters view have for the OML?
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OML is 55 degrees, which puts the orbital floor perpendicular to the IR and parallel to the CR. Demonstrates a blowout fracture.
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For an exaggerated PA Caldwell of the orbits how many degrees should the CR be angled? Why?
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30 degrees caudal to project the petrous ridges inferior to the orbital floor.
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When 3 distinct tables of squamous bone are seen on a radiograph this represents which position?
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PA axial Caldwell for Facial bones.
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What body position should the patient always be placed for sinus exams?
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Upright to show air fluid levels.
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In a lateral sinus exam where is the CR positioned and how is it angled?
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CR is horizontal 1/2-1" posterior to outer canthus. Best done at 72" SID (per Merrills).
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Which sinus group is the lateral sinus primarily done to demonstrate?
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Mainly sphenoid, it does show all four though.
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Caldwell Sinus can be done with either the bucky or the CR angled? Which way is preferred and how many degrees in which direction?
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The Bucky angled 15 degrees caudal is preferred though the CR can be angled the same 15 degrees caudad.
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CR exits at which radiographic landmark for Caldwell sinus?
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CR exits at nasion.
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Which sinuses are demonstrated for a Caldwell Sinus exam?
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Frontal and anterior Ethmoid sinuses.
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Which landmark line is perpendicular to the IR for a Caldwell sinus exam?
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OML is perpendicular. MSP is parallel.
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Which sinus group is best demonstrated in a Waters sinus exam?
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Maxillary sinuses.
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Where are the petrous ridges located in an Open Mouth Waters view? Which sinuses are demonstrated?
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At the inferior floor of the maxillary sinus. Demonstrates sphenoid and maxillary sinuses.
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Is the MML perpendicular for an Open Mouth Waters view?
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NO the MML is only perpendicular on the standard Waters view.
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For and SMV of the sinuses how is the CR angled? Is it parallel or perpendicular to the IOML, and how is it in relation to the EAM?
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CR is perpendicular to the IOML thru the sella turcica @ MSP 3/4" anterior to the EAM.
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Which air cells are demonstrated on an SMV sinus exam?
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Sphenoidal and ethmoid air cells.
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The mandibular condyles are anterior to the petrous pyramids and the anterior frontal bones are superimposed by the mentum in which view?
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SMV mandible.
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What angle is the OML to the IR for a modified waters for the Orbits?
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50 degrees. This is a nongrid exam.
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Which 4 views are done to demonstrate the orbits?
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Rheese, PA axial, modified waters, lateral.
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Why is a lateral orbit exam performed?
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To visualize the eye/orbits for foreign bodies
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Where is the CR centered for a lateral orbit exam?
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CR perpendicular through the outer canthus.
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Which three body parts are touching the grid for a Rheese view of the orbits?
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Zygoma, nose and chin
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Which landmark line is perpendicular to the IR for a Rhese view?
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AML is perpendicular to IR
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How many degrees is the MSP to the IR for a Rheese view?
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MSP is a 53 degree angle to the IR.
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Where is the CR and how is it angled for a Rhese view?
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CR is perpendicular 1" superior and posterior to the upside TEA (top of ear attachment).
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What is seen "on end" in a Rhese view?
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Optic canal is seen on end. Foramen is located in the inferior, lateral quadrant.
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Name three sinuses that can be seen with a Rhese view?
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Ethmoid, sphenoid, and frontal.
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Is the jaw opened or shut for an axiolateral mandible?
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Teeth closed, extend neck
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How is the head postioned for a mandible to view the ramus? body? symphysis?
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Ramus: true lateral
Body: rotate head 30 degrees to IR Symphysis: rotate head 45 degrees to IR |
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How is the CR angled for an axiolateral mandible?
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CR is angled 25 degrees cephalic through the mandible of interest.
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For a PA axial Mandible (caldwell) how are the OML and MSP aligned in relation to the IR?
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OML and MSP perpendicular to the IR.
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Where does the CR exit and what is the angle for the PA axial mandible?
For condylar processes? |
CR perpendicular to exit at the acanthion.
CR 20-25 degrees ceph. for condylar processes. |
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What must be seen on a PA axial mandible?
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Body and rami symmetrical, entire mandible, center occluded by spine.
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Which views are required for a nasal exam?
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Waters and kissing laterals.
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Which radiographic landmark line is parallel to the IR for lateral nasal?
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IOML and MSP are both parallel to IR.
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For lateral nasal how is the IPL in relation to the IR?
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IPL is perpendicular to the IR.
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Where is the CR directed for a lateral nasal?
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CR is perpendicular to 1/2" distal to the bridge of the nose.
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What must be demonstrated on a lateral nasal exam?
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Anterior nasal spine and frontonasal suture with no rotation.
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How many degrees and in what direction must the CR be angled and to what point for AP axial zygomatic arches?
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CR 30 degrees caudal 1" above nasion if OML is perpendicular.
CR is 37 degrees if IOML is perp. |
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Where should the arches be in relation to the madibular rami for an AP axial zygomatic arch exam?
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Arches are lateral to the rami.
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How many degrees should the head be rotated away from affected side for tangential zygomatic arch exam?
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15 degrees away from affected side.
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How should the MSP be tilted for a tangential zygomatic arch view?
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MSP 15 degrees toward side affected.
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Where is the CR centered for the tangential zygomatic arch exam?
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CR perpendicular @ arch 1" posterior to outer canthi.
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For an SMV zygomatic arch which radiographic landmark line is parallel to the IR?
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IOML is parallel to IR.
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Where is CR centered and how for SMV zygomatic arches?
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CR perpendicular to IOML @ MSP of throat 1" posterior to outer canthi.
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What size IR is required for a zygomatic arch exam?
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8x10 non grid.
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Which views are required for a skull exam?
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Lateral, Caldwell, Towne.
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Which views are done for a sinus series?
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Lateral, Caldwell, Waters
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Which views are done for a Facial exams?
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Lateral, Caldwell, Waters
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