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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what are the two parts that the skull can be divided into?
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neurocranium
viscerocranium or facial skeleton |
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what makes up the neurocranium?
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calvaria - dome-like cap housing brain
cranial base - complex floor where cranial nerves and blood vessels pass |
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what's the neurocranium?
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box-like vault that protects brain and it blood supply
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what makes up the viscerocranium or facial skeleton?
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orbits - bony cavities that protect eyeballs
jaws nasal cavities |
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what are the major bones of the skull that i need to know?
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maxilla
zygomatic frontal nasal vomer inferior nasal concha mandible |
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what landmarks of the face do i need to know?
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orbits,
piriform aperture zygomatic arch nasal septum mental protuberance glabella |
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what foramena on the face do i need to know?
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supraorbital notch or foramen
infraorbital foramen mental foramen |
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what are the margins of the orbits, bone wise?
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frontal bone, maxilla, zygomatic bone
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what are the true orbital bones?
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ethmoid
lacrimal sphenoid |
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where is the optic canal?
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is in sphenoid bone
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what and where are the two orbital fissures i should be aware of?
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inferior and superior orbital fissures
superior orbital fissure is next to optic canal inferior orbital fissure is between sphenoid, maxilla, zygomatic |
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what are the names for the tops and bottoms of orbits?
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infraorbital and supraorbital margins
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is it the supraorbital notch or foramen?
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is notch when not complete hole, is foramen when complete hole
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what other parts of the orbits do i need to know?
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zygomatic process of the frontal bone
frontal process of zygomatic bone superciliary arch maxillary process of zygomatic bone zygomatic process of maxilla |
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where's the superciliary arch?
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just arch above eyebrows - protruberance above eyebrows?
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where's the frontal process of the zygomatic bone?
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this is the lateral part of the eye
zygomatic bone goes up to form bony edge of eye |
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where's the zygomatic process of the frontal bone?
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this must be the part of the frontal bone that dips down on the lateral edge of the orbit to meet the frontal process of the zygomatic bone
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where's the maxillary process of the zygomatic bone?
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couldn't find in netter, but must be the part of the zygomatic bone closest to the maxilla
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where's the zygomatic part of the maxilla?
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is part right next to fissure tween maxilla and zygomatic bone
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where's the parietal bone?
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this is the huge bone that makes up the bulk of the sides of the skull
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what's the sphenoid bone look like from the side?
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is just posterior to zygomatic bone, anterior to temporal bone
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where's the coronal suture?
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is suture tween frontal and parietal bones - in anterior part
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where's the sagittal suture?
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tween parietal bones - top of skull, down middle
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where's the lambdoid suture?
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is in back tween occipital and parietal
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where's the squamous suture?
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tween temporal and parietal bones
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what's the hole to the middle ear called?
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external acoustic meatus
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where's the pterion?
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is H-shaped suture
tween sphenoid and parietal bones is landmark for head trauma bleeding tween dura and skull drill in pterion - middle menangial artery there to relieve bleeding |
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where's the bregma?
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is point where coronal suture and sagittal suture meet
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where's the lambda?
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is point where sagittal suture meets lambdoid suture
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where is and what is the inion?
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is post-occipital protruberance
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where's the ramus of the mandible?
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is vertical big body part
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where is the temporal fossa?
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according to netter, is gigantic area of indentation at side of head above zygomatic arch, beneath parietal bone
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where's the infratemporal arch?
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is really kind of a big area as well
bound posteriorly by styloid process best seen from removal of zygomatic arch and mandible |
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pterygopalatine fossa
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behind eye
is actual hole from what i can see in infratemporal fossa |
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where's the palatine bone?
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looking at skull from inferior perspective
palatine is the palate is back part of roof of mouth |
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where are the medial and lateral plates of the sphenoid bone?
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medial is by vomer, medial to foramen lacerum
lateral plate is still medial to foramen ovale |
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where are the styloid processes?
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these are the super sharp spines on inferior part of skull
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where's the mastoid process?
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dull protruberance by styloid process, outermost part of skull
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where's the stylomastoid foramen?
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right between styloid process and mastoid process
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how do we divide the superior aspect of the cranial base?
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3 fossae:
1. anterior cranial fossa 2. middle cranial fossa 3. posterior cranial fossa |
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what structures are most prominent in the anterior cranial fossa?
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1. crista galli of ethmoid bone
2. cribiform plate of ethmoid |
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what is attached to the crista galli?
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portion of dura mater
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what structures rest on top of the cribriform plate of ethmoid?
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olfactory bulbs
cranial nerve I travels through the many openings in cribriform plate |
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where the hell is the sphenoid crest?
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it's an imaginary line as far as i can tell dividing anterior and middle cranial fossae, follows lesser wings of sphenoid until get to anterior clinoid processes and then cuts those off, going across to other lesser wing of sphenoid
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where are the lesser wings of the sphenoid?
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are just anterior to sphenoid crest
actually in the anterior cranial fossa |
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where are the greater wings of the sphenoid?
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these are posterior to the sphenoid crest and are in the middle cranial fossa
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what's the name of those things that stick out from the lesser wing of the sphenoid?
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anterior clinoid processes
clinoid means bedpost and the sella turcica is surrounded by them |
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what bones make up the middle cranial fossa?
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sphenoid and temporal bones
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what's the structure in the middle of the middle cranial fossa?
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sella turcica
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what's the shallow depression in the middle of the sella turcica called?
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pituitary fossa
is where pituitary gland rests |
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what's another name for pituitary fossa?
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hypophyseal fossa
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where are the middle and inner ear located in terms of the inferior aspect of the inside of the skull?
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in petrous temporal bone of middle cranial fossa
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where's the petrous temporal bone of middle cranial fossa?
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is incline up to sharp crest that delineates distinction tween middle and posterior cranial fossae
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what are the 6 openings i need to know that are found in the middle cranial fossa?
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1. optic canal
2. superior orbital fissure 3. foramen rotundum 4. foramen ovale 5. foramen spinosum 6. foramen lacerum |
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where's the optic canal
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is just deep to anterior clinoid processes
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what travels through optic canal?
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1. cn II = optic nerve
retina to brain 2. ophthalmic artery |
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where's the superior orbital fissure?
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tween greater and lesser wings of sphenoid
hidden by sphenoid crest connects orbit with middle cranial fossa |
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what goes through the superior orbital fissure?
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cn from midbrain and hindbrain to muscles moving eyes
CN III, CN IV, CN VI, CN V1 (V1 = ophthalmic nerve) ophthalmic vein - drains posterior orbit |
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where's the foramen rotundum?
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is just posterior to superior orbital fissure
is round |
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what passes through the foramen rotundum?
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CN V2 - sensory to skin of cheeks, upper jaw - called maxillary nerve
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where's the foramen ovale?
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in trio of holes behind foramen rotundum, back of middle cranial fossa, is oval one, middle in size
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what passes through foramen ovale?
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CN V3 = sensory to jaw and motor to muscles of mastication = mandibular nerve
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where's other foramen ovale we've supposedly already learned about?
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in heart, is opening tween atria for fetus
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where are the foramen spinosum?
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are small holes in trio of foramen in back of middle cranial fossa
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what passes through the foramen spinosum?
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middle meningeal artery - clinically important vessel because is what bursts, causing pressure on brain, can be drained via hole drilled through pterion
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where is the foramen lacerum?
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these are huge holes in my model skull
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what's important to know about foramen lacerum
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covered inferiorly by cartilage
NOTHING can travel through says internal carotid artery does enter side of opening and turns superiorly to brain textbook said it didn't go through at all |
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where's the posterior cranial fossa?
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is also foramen magnum
spinal cord passes through CN XI also passes through - enters skull from neck |
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what's the clivus? where is it?
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clivus is smooth part of occipital bone just anterior to foramen magnum - is big
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where's the internal acoustic meatus
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most superior of three holes in posterior cranial fossa anterior to foramen magnum
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what nerves enter the internal acoustic meatuses?
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CN VII - facial nerve
branches in canals in temporal bone exits skull through small openings - stylomastoid foramen CN VIII into auditory and vestibular organs through this opening |
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where's the jugular foramen?
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is big hole by foramen magnum
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what passes through jugular foramen
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most of blood drains through here into internal jugular vein
CN IX, X and XI |
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where's the hypoglossal canal?
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is small hole right next to foramen magnum
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what passes through hypoglossal canal?
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hypoglossal nerve - CN XII
exits through hypoglossal canal en route to base of tongue |
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what are muscles of facial expression i need to know?
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orbicularis oculi
frontalis zygomaticus major zygomaticus minor levator labii superioris orbicularis oris buccinator depressor anguli oris platysma |
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where is the orbicularis oculi?
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encircles palpebral fissure (opening of eyelids)
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what are the parts of the orbicularis oculi and where are they?
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3 parts:
1. orbital part - surrounds orbital margin responsible for TIGHT closure of eyelid 2. palpebral part - thinner portion in eyelids involved in blinking 3. lacrimal part - deep to palpebral part won't be seen in dissection |
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what's another name for the frontalis muscle?
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occiptofrontalis, epicranius
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where is the occipitofrontalis - what is its inferior attachment, superior attachment
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apparently there are 2 parts to the frontalis; the frontal belly and the occipital belly - muscle in front and back
inferior attachment of frontal belly of frontalis = skin of forehead and eyebrows superior attachment = epicranial aponeurosis |
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what innervates the frontal belly of the frontalis?
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facial nerve - CN VII
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where is the levator labii superioris?
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is vertical muscle closest to nose from eye muscles to lip muscle
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what are the attachments of the levator labii superioris?
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superior attachment - maxilla, just below orbital margin
inferior attachment to upper lip |
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what does the levator labii superioris do?
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elevates upper lip
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what are the attachments of the zygomaticus major muscle?
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lateral attachment to zygomatic bone
medial attachment to angle of mouth |
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what does the zygomaticus major muscle do?
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draws angle of mouth superiorly and posteriorly
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where's the zygomaticus minor muscle in relation to major?
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is medial to major - closer to levator labii superioris
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what are the attachments and functions of orbicularis oris muscle?
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medial attachments; maxilla, mandible, skin in median plane
lateral attachment - angle of mouth action: sphincter of mouth |
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what are the attachments of teh buccinator muscle?
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proximal attachments -
pterygomandibular raphe lateral surfaces of alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible distal attachment - angle of mouth |
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what's the action of the buccinator muscle?
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compresses cheek against molar teeth
keeps food on occlusal surfaces during chewing |
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what are the attachments and actions of the depressor anguli oris muscle?
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inferior attachment - mandible
superior attachment - angle of mouth action: depresses corner of mouth |
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what are the attachments of the platysma?
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inferiorly - passes superficial to clavicle
attached to superficial fascia of deltoid and pectoral regions superiorly - attached to mandible, skin of cheek, angle of mouth, orbicularis oris |
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what innervates the platysma?
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facial nerve
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what are the muscles of mastication that i need to know?
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masseter and temporal muscle
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what are the parts of the masseter muscle?
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deep and superficial
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what innervates the muscles of facial expression?
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facial nerve - CN VII
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where does the facial nerve enter the face?
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through stylomastoid foramen
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what branches are there of the facial nerve?
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1. temporal
2. zygomatic 3. buccal 4. mandibular 5. cervical |
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what's a mnemonic to remember the branches of the facial nerve?
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To Zanzibar By Motor Car
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what are some possible etiologies of paralysis of muscles of facial expression?
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stroke, Lyme disease, severe infections of middle ear
iatrogenic trauma |
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what's paralysis of the mucles of facial expression also called?
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facial nerve palsy
Bell's Palsy |
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what nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?
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mandibular nerve
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what's another name for the mandibular nerve?
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3rd division of cranial nerve V
CN V3 |
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what nerve provides sensory innervation to the face?
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CN V or trigeminal nerve
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what are the names of the three branches of the trigeminal nerve CN V?
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CN V1 = ophthalmic nerve
CN V2 = maxillary nerve CN V3 = mandibular nerve |
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what are a couple of important branches off the ophthalmic nerve, CN V1 that sensory innervate the face?
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supraorbital nerve
supratrochlear nerve |
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what do the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves do?
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supply forehead near orbit
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what's an important branch of CN V2 supplying sensory innervation to the face called?
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infraorbital nerve
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where does the mental nerve come from and what does it do?
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is branch off mandibular nerve, CN V3
goes to chin via mental foramen |
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what's the parotid gland and where is it?
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is large salivary gland anterior to ear
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how does saliva from the parotid gland get to the oral cavity?
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parotid duct
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what innervates the parotid gland?
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parasympathetic fibers from CN IX
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what's potentially confusing about the innervation of the parotid gland?
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CN VII passes through the gland on the way to the muscles of facial expression - it DOES NOT innervate the gland itself
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where does the facial artery come from?
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is branch of external carotid artery
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where can one feel the pulse of the facial artery?
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inferior border of mandible
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what innervates the zygomaticus major?
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don't know - look it up
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