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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Two types of curvatures of the spine and two examples of each:
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Primary (Kyphoses): Thoracic, Sacral
Secondary (Lordoses): Cervical, Lumbar |
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What causes kyphose curvatures?
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The natural shape of the vertebral bodies.These are present when you are born.
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They are present when you are born, also called primary.
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What causes the lordose curvatures?
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The difference in thickness in the intervertebral discs from anterior to posterior. Learned or adapted as we grow and develop posture.
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You are not born with these.
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How many foramen do cervical vertebrae have and what are the two main kinds?
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There are 3 foramen.
1. (One) Vertebral foramen: opening between the spinous process and the body, large triangular shape, holds the spinal cord 2. (Two) Transverse foramen: much smaller opening in the transverse processes. Allows the passage of arteries to the head. |
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What are the two special cervical vertebrae?
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The atlas (C1) and the axis (C2).
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What bones does the atlas articulate with?
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Superiorly articulates with the occipital condyles holding up the head.
Inferiorly articulates with the axis. |
In Greek mythology, Atlas supported the world on his shoulders.
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Which is the strongest cervical vertebrae?
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Axis (C2)
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What is the function of the atlas and the axis?
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The Atlas allows flexion or extension of the head/neck. "yes bone"
The Axis allows rotation. "no bone" |
"yes" or "no"
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Which type of curvature is the cervical vertebrae?
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Secondary or lordoses curve.
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A baby has to learn how to support its own head on its weak neck.
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Which type of curvature does the thoracic vertebrae form?
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Kyphosese or primary curve.
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(Besides the first sacral vertebrae) Which vertebrae have the largest bodies?
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The lumbar vertebrae have the largest bodies.
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Which part of the spine supports more weight?
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Describe the spinous processes of the lumber vertebrae.
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Short, thick, stumps which provide the perfect attachment for back and abdominal muscles.
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What type of curvature does the lumbar vertebrae have?
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Secondary or lordose curve.
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How many vertebrae form the sacrum?
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5 fused vertebrae
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What is the function of the sacrum?
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Supporting the weight of the body and transfering it to the pelvis at the sacroiliac joint.
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It is found between the junction where the spine and hips meet.
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Does the sacrum have a vertebral foramen?
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No. The vertebral foramen is replaced with the sacral canal, which is formed by the fusion of the spinous, articular, and transverse processes.
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What is the sacral hiatus?
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A triangular opening found at S4 and S5 which opens into the sacral canal.
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What passes through the anterior and posterior sacral foramina?
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They are the exit points for the spinal nerves.
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Describe the type of joint found between vertebral bodies.
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A type of cartilagenous joint called a symphysis joint. One joint itself is only slightly moveable, but it allows a lot of movement collectively. They are designed for weight bearing and strength.
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Is it moveable? What is it's function?
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Annulus fibrosus:
Nucleus pulposes: Where are these found and what is their function? |
Annulus fibrosus: firbrocartilage rings around the outside, act like ligaments to hold the vertebral bodies together.
Nucleus pulposes:gelatinous middle, functions as a shock abosrber. |
Ligaments are also fibrous.
The nucleus is the center of an atom. |
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Compare the two ligaments that hold the vertebral bodies together.
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Anterior longitudinal ligament: Strong, broad, and continuous. Connects anterior and lateral.
Posterior longitudinal ligament: Narrow, weaker, and continuous. Found within the vertebral canal and connects posteriorly. |
They both run longitudinally (up and down)
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What is a zygopophysial joint?
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A synovial joint between the facets of articulating processes.
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What is the ligament flava? (Where is it found?)
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The yellow, fatty ligament that connects vertebral arches from lamina to lamina. ***Is not continuous***
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What are the Interspinous ligament
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Connects the vertebral arches between the spinous processes. Are not continuous.
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Which ligament connects the vertebral arches outside the spinous processes?
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supraspinous ligaments
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what are the craniovertebral joints?
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atlanto-occipital (Synovial yes joint) and atlanto-axial joints (synovial no joint).
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What ligament does the supraspinous ligament merge with?
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the ligamentum nuchae
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What are some of the things that limit the movements of the vertebral column?
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IV discs
Structure/orientation of zygopophysial joints Tension of the joint capsule Resistance of muscles/ligaments Attachments to the rib cage Bulk of other muscles |
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What vasculature supplies the spinal column?
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vertebral arteries and ascending Cervical arteries, posterior intercostals, subcostal, lumbar, iliolumbar, and lateral & medial sacral arteries. All of these are branches of the aorta.
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What is the major reflex center and conduction pathway of information coming from and going to the brain?
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The Spinal Cord (CNS)
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It is attached to the medulla oblangata
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What protects the spinal cord?
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Vertebrae, Meninges (piercing), CSF (fluid cushion)
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What is the medulla oblangata?
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The reflex center: breathing, heart rate, sympathetic responses.
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Where does the spinal cord end?
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Tapers to form the conus medularis at L1 or L2
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What is the Cauda Equine?
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Tail end of the spinal cord, breaks into numerous spinal nerves that looks like a horse tail.
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"horse tail"
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What is the lumbar cistern?
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Expansion, outpocketing of the vertebral foramen which holds a large amount of spinal fluid.
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Where they perform lumbar spinal taps.
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What are the 2 enlargements of the spinal cord?
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Cervical: C4 to T1, anterior rami form the brachial plexus to the upper limbs
Lumbosacral: (lumbar) L1 to S3, anterior rami form the lumbar & sacral plexuses to the lower limbs |
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What part of the spinal cord contains the cell bodies of nerves, unmyllinated neurones/nerves, and myllinated axons.
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Gray matter: cell bodies and nerves, unmyllinated neurones/nerves
White matter: myllinated axons |
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Where do sensory neurons enter the spinal cord?
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The neuron enters posteriorly and then connects to a dorsal root ganglion
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