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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ontogeny
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growth, age difference
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sexual dimorphism
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sex differences
females smaller, males more robust |
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geographic variation
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regional differences
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individual variation
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differences between individuals
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skull
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cranium and mandible
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mandible
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lower jaw
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cranium
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skull without mandible
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calvaria
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cranium without the face
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calotte
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calvaria without the base
skull cap |
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splanchnocranium
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facial skeleton
viscerocranium |
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basicranium
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cranial base
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neurocranium
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braincase
housing brain |
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endochondral ossification
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preformed in cartilage
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intramembranous ossification
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(dermal bones)
formed in connective tissue under skin external armor - protective ex: face bones and roof and sides of skull |
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frontanelles
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soft spots of the skull
intervals of dense connective tissue between plates of bone replaced by bone by intramembranous ossification allows for flexible skull and rapid growth of brain |
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fibrous joints
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syndesmosis
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metopic suture
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between unfused frontal bones
rarely seen in adults fuses by year 2 |
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coronal suture
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between frontal and parietals
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lambdoidal suture
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between parietals and occipital
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sagittal suture
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between 2 parietals
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squamosal suture
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between parietals and temporals
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parietomastoid suture
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between parietals and temporals
posterior extension of squamosal suture |
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occipitomastoid suture
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between occipitals and temporals
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basalar suture
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between occipitals and sphenoid
(synchondrosis) last suture to fuse - 18-21 years |
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wormian bones
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small bones often located near sutures
not considered individual bones and their presence is highly variable |
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orbits
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eye openings
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anterior nasal aperture
piriform aperture |
fron nasal opening
triangle shape |
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external acoustic (auditory) meatus
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outside ear hole
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foramen magnum
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big hole at base
allows passage of spinal cord |
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zygomatic arch
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holes on cheeks
allow for chewing muscles |
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sinuses
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void chambers in cranial bones
(maxillae, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid) linked to nasal cavity |
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craniometric landmarks
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bone measuring points
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Frankfurt horizontal
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standard orientation of skull in plane defines by top of external auditory meatus (porion) and bottom of left orbit (orbitale)
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prosthion
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midline point of maxillae above alveoli
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nasion
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midline point where 2 nasals and frontal meet
(T junction) |
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glabella
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most anterior midline point on frontal (above nasals)
curvature above nose |
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bregma
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ectocranial midline point where coronal and sagittal suture meet
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lambda
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where sagittal and lambdoidal suture meet
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inion
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point at base of external occipital protuberance
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asterion
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point where lambdoidal, parietomastoid, and occipital meet
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basion
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midline point on anterior margin of foramen magnum
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