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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Microaneurysm, flame hemorrhages, exudates
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<b>Diabetic retinopathy</b>
Increased risk for (2)? If neovascularization, increased risk for (2)? |
Risk of cataracts, acute angle-closure glaucoma
Neovascularization of iris causes growth over angle Increased risk for retinal detachment and blindness |
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Bilateral aching eyes
Night blindness => tunnel vision, blindness |
<b>Chronic open angle glaucoma</b>
Pathogenesis? What happens to optic disks? |
Decreased rate of aqueous outflow into canal of Schlemm||Pathologic cupping of optic disks||[Like central hypertension.]
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Severe pain associated with photophobia and blurry vision
Red eye with steamy cornea Pupil fixed, nonreactive to light |
<b>Acute angle-closure glaucoma</b>
Pathogenesis? Acute treatment? |
Narrowing of anterior chamber angle, precipiated by mydriatic agent, uveitis, lens dislocation||Fluid can’t drain, no room||[Like malignant hypertension.]||Tx: hyperosmotic agents, peripheral iridotomy, bypass for posterior to anterior channel
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White eye reflex in children (leukocoria)
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<b>Retinoblastoma</b>
Pathogenesis? |
Tumor necrosis surrounding blood vessels
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Pruritic, violaceous, flat-topped papules on wrists, ankles?
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<b>Lichen planus</b>
Characteristic pattern on surface surrounding papules? |
Fine white reticular pattern (Wickham's striae)
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Erythematous plaques with silver scales?
Occurs in areas of trauma (elbows, lower back) |
<b>Psoriasis</b>
Basic pathogenesis: what cells are affected? what happens to them? Sudden onset of psoriasis is suspicious for a disease? What happens when scales are scraped off? Disruption to layers of skin? What do you get in the stratum corneum? |
Keratinocyte hyperplasia (controlled)||Sudden onset: suspicious for HIV||Blood vessels in dermis rupture when scales are picked off (Auspitz sign)||Papillary dermis to stratum corneum (Munro µabscesses)
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Multiple target-shaped vesicles and bullae on palms, soles, extensor surfaces?
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<b>Erythema multiforme</b>
2 infections that cause it? Another cause? When it involves the skin and mucous membranes? What happens at the dermal-epidermal junction? |
<i>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</i>, HSV, drugs Stevens-Johnson syndrome can be fatal, only dermatological emergency in children CTLs cause blistering, vacuolation of the dermal-epidermal junction
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Pruritic elevations of the skin?
What is distribution pattern of swelling, redness called? |
<b>Urticaria</b>
Type of reaction? Dermatographism: develops in areas of mechanical pressure on skin |
Type I (IgE-mediated) hypersensitivity|Suprabasal intraepithelial vesicles and bullae on skin and oral mucosa|Outer epidermis separates from basal layer with minimal pressure—called?
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Subepidermal vesicles on skin and oral mucosa
Outer epidermis doesn't separate from basal layer—called? |
<b>Bullous pemphigoid</b>
Negative Nikolsky sign Reaction against? What happens to keratinocytes? |
Type II hypersensitivity, IgG against basement membrane|No acantholysis of keratinocytes
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Several erythematous subepidermal vesicles on extensor surface of forearm?
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<b>Dermatitis herpetiformis</b>
Reaction against? Where? Associated with disease? |
Type III hypersensitivity, IgA immune complexes at tips of dermal papillae|Reticulin tethers basement membrane to dermis|Associated with celiac disease
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IgG against desmosomes?
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Pemphigus vulgaris
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|IgG against basement membrane?
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Increase in antireticulin, endomysial antibodies?
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Dermatitis herpetiformis
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Hyperkeratotic, pearly gray-white lesion, recurs when scraped off
Face, back of neck, dorsum of hands/forearms |
<b>Actinic keratosis</b>
Cause? Precursor of? |
UV exposure||Squamous cell CA in 2–5% of cases
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Raised papule/nodule with central crater?
Eye, upper lip |
<b>Basal cell carcinoma</b>
Infiltration? Metastasis? |
Locally aggressive, multifocal (difficult to get free margins after surgery)||No metastasis; tumor depends on stromal support||Cords of basophilic-staining basal cells infiltrate the underlying dermis
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Nodular, ulcerated, hyperkeratotic lesion
Ear, lower lip, dorsum of hands |
<b>Squamous cell carcinoma</b>
What would be likely to be found on the upper lip? 2 causes other than UV exposure? Metastasis? |
Basal cell carcinoma on upper lip||Scar tissue (3d degree burn); immunosuppressive therapy (most common)||No risk for metastasis
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Coin-like, macular to raised verrucoid lesion with stuck-on appearance
Extremeities and shoulders, on face >50 |
<b>Seborrheic keratosis</b>
If rapid increase in number of keratoses? |
Rapid increase in number of keratoses: Leser-Trélat sign for stomach adenocarcinoma
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Rapidly-growing crateriform tumor, central keratin plug (dome-shaped nodules)
_ > _ |
<b>Keratoacanthoma</b>
Histologic appearance like? If left alone? |
Histologically looks like squamous cell carcinoma||If left alone, regresses spontaneously with scarring in 6 months
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Blisters at sites of pressure, rubbing, trauma?
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<b>Epidermolysis bullosa</b>
Pathogenesis? |
Inherited defects in structural proteins (e.g. keratins, collagen)
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Poison ivy
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<b>Allergic contact dermatitis</b>
Hypersensitivity type? Skin reaction to irritant, rubbing? Tetracycline reacts with UV light? |
Allergic contact dermatitis: type IV hypersensitivity||Irritant contact dermatitis||Contact photodermatitis|Most common benign tumor >50?
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Pigmented macular lesions?
If more raised, dome shaped, papillomatous? If >6mm, variegated in color, irregular borders? |
<b>Junctional nevus</b>
Layers? <b>Compound nevus</b> Layers? <b>Dysplastic nevus</b>If >100 nevi on skin? Cells are? |
Junctional nevus: basal cell layer||Compound nevus: into superficial dermis||>100 dysplastic nevi: dysplastic nevus syndrome, can develop into malignant melanoma||Nevus: tumor of melanocytes
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Black-blue nodule
Non-nested dermal infiltration, often with associated fibrosis Highly dendritic, heavily pigmented nevus cells |
<b>Blue nevus</b>
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Red-pink nodules in children, look like hemangioma
Large, plump cells with pink-blue cytoplasm; fusiform cells; fascicular growth |
<b>Spitz nevus</b>
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5–10 mm, oval, tan-brown macules/patches
Linear pattern of melanocyte proliferation within the epidermal basal cell layer? |
<b>Lentigo</b>
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1+ mm, tan-red or light brown papules
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<b>Ephelis (freckle)</b>
Hyperpigmentation results from? What happens with sun exposure? What would you suspect if this change doesn't happen? |
Melanin in keratinocytes||Freckles fade and darken with seasons||If no change, suspect lentigo
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4 criteria for melanoma malignancy?
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Asymmetry
Border irregularity Color variation Diameter > 6 mm Growth phases (2); metastatic potential? |
Radial growth phase: laterally in epidermis, dermoepidermal junction, papillary dermis; no metastatic potential||Vertical growth phase: penetrates reticular dermis; potential for metastasis
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