Skin

Front 1

functions of skin

Back 1

thermoregulation, sense of touch, protects against injury, part of immune system (heals wounds), serves as a barrier (keeps harmful bacteria out)

Front 2

cells involved w/ immune system

Back 2

Langerhan's cells

Front 3

cells involved in sense of touch

Back 3

Merkel cells

Front 4

cells that sense light touch (exist at edge of epidermal boundary)

Back 4

Meissner's corpuscles

Front 5

cells that sense deep pressure (in the dermis)

Back 5

Pacinian corpuscles

Front 6

convection

Back 6

the bulk or mass movement of liquid (e.g. blood flow) or gas (e.g. air flow) that enhances conduction

Front 7

methods of heat transfer

Back 7

conduction and convection, radiation, and evaporation

Front 8

radiation

Back 8

electromagnetic energy

Front 9

the higher the temperature of an object, the ______ the wavelength of the radiation it emits

Back 9

shorter

Front 10

if it is cold, what is not a factor in thermoregulation? (choices: metabolism, conduction, radiation, or evaporation)

Back 10

evaporation

Front 11

homeotherm

Back 11

maintains a stable body temperature despite ambient temperature

Front 12

poikilotherm

Back 12

body temperature changes with ambient temperature

Front 13

endotherm

Back 13

most heat from metabolism

Front 14

ectotherm

Back 14

most heat from external sources

Front 15

methods of heat loss

Back 15

blood vessels dilate (to transfer heat to surface of body) and sweating (evaporation cooling)

Front 16

methods of maintaining heat

Back 16

blood vessels constrict to keep heat in core

Front 17

heat

Back 17

energy (measured in calories or joules)

Front 18

temperature

Back 18

warmth or coldness (measured in degrees)

Front 19

conduction

Back 19

transfer of heat due to direct contact (note: heat moves from warm temps. to cooler temps.)

Front 20

basal metabolic rate AKA

Back 20

resting metabolic rate (metabolism cannot fall below this rate or you will die)

Front 21

lower critical temperature

Back 21

the temperature at which it is too cold for your body to balance heat loss (results in falling body temperature)

Front 22

how does fur work?

Back 22

fur traps air and uses it to decrease conduction/ increase insulation (to retain heat in cold weather and to block heat intake in hot weather)

Front 23

how does a wetsuit work?

Back 23

the same way as fur w/ air, but with water

Front 24

why do animals lose so much heat in water?

Back 24

water is a good conductor and has a high specific heat capacity (so it takes a lot of energy for animal to warm up the water around it)

Front 25

how do seals keep cool?

Back 25

they reroute their blood circulation to go through their blubber to skin surface (to dissipate heat)

Front 26

what can a thick-furred animal do to keep cool when it has areas of thin furs in some places?

Back 26

it can touch thick furred areas to thin furred areas to transfer heat from the overheated areas (e.g. wolf covering face w/ paw)

Front 27

why can't small animals rely on sweating on hot days to keep them cool?

Back 27

their surface area is so small, they heat up too fast to keep up by sweating

Front 28

basal lamina aka basement membrane

Back 28

a protein layer (below basal layer) that anchors the epithelium

Front 29

made in basal layer of epidermis

Back 29

keratinocytes, hair follicles, and sweat/ oil glands

Front 30

where melanocytes are made

Back 30

the neural crest

Front 31

where Langerhan's cells are made

Back 31

the bone marrow

Front 32

folate

Back 32

1) aids in nucleotide synthesis and repair of DNA
2) aids in neural tube closure

Front 33

3 types of skin cancer

Back 33

1) basal cell carcinoma
2) squamous cell carcinoma
3) melanoma

Front 34

basal cell carcinoma

Back 34

most common, unlikely to metastasize

Front 35

squamous cell carcinoma

Back 35

common, high risk of metastasis

Front 36

melanoma

Back 36

least common, high risk of metastasis

Front 37

nucleotide excision repair

Back 37

1) enzyme nuclease cuts out mutated portion of DNA
2) helicase unwinds strands
3) DNA polymerase adds in corrected nucleotides

Front 38

gastrulation

Back 38

formation of 3 germ layers + germ line

Front 39

3 germ layers

Back 39

1) ectoderm (skin)
2) mesoderm (middle layer w/ blood, bones, muscle, etc.)
3) endoderm (inner organs)

Front 40

gastrulation

Back 40

formation of 3 germ layers + germ line

Front 41

3 germ layers

Back 41

1) ectoderm (skin)
2) mesoderm (middle layer w/ blood, bones, muscle, etc.)
3) endoderm (inner organs)

Front 42

fated

Back 42

high developmental potential

Front 43

specified

Back 43

still a high developmental potential

Front 44

determined

Back 44

cell is able to develop according to original fate when placed within another region of embryo

Front 45

differentiated

Back 45

cell is done developing

Front 46

types of cell to cell communication (which is the cause of conditional specification)

Back 46

1) juxtacrine
2) paracrine

Front 47

juxtacrine

Back 47

direct contact between cells

Front 48

paracrine

Back 48

non-direct contact between cells

Front 49

important features of stem cells

Back 49

1) are unspecialized
2) can divide and renew themselves for long periods of time (b/c the less differentiated a cell is, the more able it is to divide)
3) can give rise to specialized cells (i.e. usually divide into one stem cell and one specialized cell)

Front 50

characteristics of embryonic stem cells

Back 50

1) derived from inner cell mass of embryo
2) are pluripotent

Front 51

characteristics of adult stem cells

Back 51

1) generate the cell types of the tissues in which they reside
2) multipotent

Front 52

pluripotent

Back 52

can generate many or all cell types of the body

Front 53

multipotent

Back 53

can generate a limited set of adult tissue types

Front 54

induced pluripotent stem cells (IPS)

Back 54

differentiated cell to stem

Front 55

direct conversion

Back 55

differentiated cell to differentiated cell