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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Skin |
the largest and heaviest organ |
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Epidermis |
Outer layer of the skin |
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Dermis |
Inner layer of the skin |
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General features of the skin |
1. Largest and heaviest organ 2. protection 3. acts as sensory receptor 4. function in excretion, vit.D metabolism, regulation of BP and body temp. |
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Layers of the skin |
Epidermis - outer (superficial) layer Dermis- inner (deeper) layer Hypodermis - not part of the skin (below dermis) |
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Enumerate the layers of epidermis. |
1. Stratum corneum 2. stratum lucidum 3. stratum granulosum 4. stratum spinosum 5. stratum basale |
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Enumerate the layers of dermis |
1. papillary layer- superficial 2. reticular layer - deeper |
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What is the basement membrane that connects the epidermis and dermis |
Dermal- epidermal junction |
Zigzagging interdigitation appearance |
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responsible for the upward projection of the dermis |
Dermal papillae |
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Responsible for the downward projections of the epidermis |
Epidermal ridges |
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Other name for hypodermis |
Subcutaneous fascia |
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What epithelial cell lines the epidermis? |
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
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What comprises the dermis? |
vascular CT |
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What comprises hypodermis? |
loose CT and adipose tissue |
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What are the 4 cell types of epidermis? |
1. keratinocytes 2. melanocytes 3. merkel cells 4. langerhans cells |
1. Main component of epidermis 2. produce melanin 3. mechanoreceptor function 4. immune function |
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Give the function of the overlapping stage of skin surface renewal. 1. Mitosis 2. keratinization 3. apoptosis 4. exfoliation |
1. Cell renewal 2. cell differentiation 3. cell death 4. sloughing of dead cells |
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What are the 2 kinds of melanin? |
eumelanin pheomelanin |
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Factors affecting melanin synthesis |
1. Increased exposure to UV rays 2. melanocyte stimulating hormones 3. pituitary ACTH 4. addison's disease 5. albinism 6. hydroquinone |
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It is a star-shaped cell that lacks tonofilament and occurs mainly in stratum spinosum. |
Langerhans' cells |
Antigen presenting cells stains selectively with gold chloride contains Birbeck's granules |
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It is a sensitive mechanoreceptor located in the epidermis, specially in sensitive areas like fingertips. |
Merkel cells |
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It is a single layer of columnar basophilic keratinocytes, active in mitosis. |
Stratum basale |
Layer of the epidermis |
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part of the epidermis with several layers of large keratinocytes overlying the stratum basale and has lower mitotic rate. |
Stratum spinosum |
Cuboidal or polygonal in the deeper layer and slightly flattened in the upper layer. |
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Consist of 3-5 layers of flattened polygonal cells filled with membraneless keratohyalin granules above stratum spinosum. |
Stratum granulosum |
Diamond shaped |
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It is a narrow, acidophilic, translucent band of flattened keratinocytes whose organelles,nuclei and intercellular borders are not visible. It is above stratum granulosum only in thick skin. |
Stratum lucidum |
Eleidin- cells with immature keratin |
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Surface layer of dead,platelike,enucleate keratinocytes with thickened plasma membranes. |
Stratum corneum |
Final stage of keratinization |
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What are the sensory receptors by adequate stimulus? |
1. mechanoreceptors (touch,pressure,vibration) 2. thermoreceptors (temperature changes) 3. nociceptors (pain) |
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sensory receptors for superficial and deep sensation |
1. Free nerve endings 2. Merkel's corpuscles 3. other nerve endings with expanded tips 4. Meissner's corpuscles 5. Pacinian corpuscles 6. Ruffini's corpuscles |
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It controls the opening and closing of arteriovenous anastomoses helping to control blood pressure and body temperature. |
Postganglionic autonomic fibers |
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Skin appendages |
Hair Hair follicles Sebaceous glands Arrector pili muscles Apocrine sweat glands Eccrine sweat glands Nails |
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It is a slow adapting mechanoreceptors in dermis, hypodermis and joint capsules |
Ruffini's corpuscles |
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It is a pressure receptors in deep dermis,hypodermis,periosteum,Joint capsules and mesenteries resembling onion slice in thin section |
pacinian corpuscles |
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Elongated ovoid mechanoreceptors which registers touch and superficial pressure, commonly found in skin's dermal papillae |
Meisner's corpuscles |
Contains many layers of flat schwann cells and fibroblast. |
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Unencapsulated touch receptors deep in the epidermis that sense direct and indirect pressure |
merkel's corpuscles |
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What is the other term for fine hairs? |
lanugo |
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What is called the fine short hairs coated in the body? |
vellus |
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Parts of Hair |
Hair bulb hair shaft root sheat |
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Follicle's broad base consists of germinal matrix overlying germinal matrix that harbors nerves and blood supply |
Hair bulb |
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It consist of 3 concentric layers formed by the germinal matrix |
Hair shaft |
Medulla cortex cuticle |
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Clusters of epithelial cells that creates the hair |
Germinal matrix |
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Moderately keratinized core of the hair shaft |
Medulla |
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It is a highly keratinized layer forming the bulk of the hair |
Cortex |
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It is a concentric sheath around the hair shaft |
Root sheaths |
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3 Layers of the internal root sheath |
1. Cuticle of the internal root sheath - flat cells 2. huxley's layer - 1-3 layers of low cuboidal cells 3. henle's layer- translucent outermost layer of flattened cuboidal cells. |
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It is a highly keratinized, hard, thin covering on the surface of hair |
Cuticle |
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It is a lightly keratinized cell that disintegrates, leaving space into which sebum is secreted by the sebaceous glands |
Internal root sheath |
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It is a thickened basal lamina, separating dermis from follicle epithelium |
Glassy membrane |
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It is an invagination of epidermis, not involved in hair formation |
External root sheath |
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It is a layer of CT surrounding the entire follicle including the bulb |
Connective tissue sheath |
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It is a vascularized loose connective tissue that inserts into bulb |
Dermal papilla |
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It is a small bundles of smooth muscle that originate in the papillary dermis |
Arrector pili muscles |
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It is an exicrine gland near the neck of the root sheath and a holocrine gland that eventually burst shedding sebum |
Sebaceous glands |
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Give the cycles of hair growth |
Anagen- repeated growing catagen- regression phase telogen- resting phase |
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It is a pattern called for hair growth that occurs in patches. |
Growth mosaic |
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plates of highly keratinized cells analogous to but harder than the stratum corneum |
nails |
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Enumerate the structures of nails |
1. Nail groove 2. nail matrix 3. nail plate 4. nail bed 5. eponychium (cuticle) 6. hyponichium 7. lunula |
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It is a furrow formed by the invasion of the epidermis |
Nail groove |
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It is a thickened region of epidermis that contains dividing cells, similar to germinal matrix |
Nail matrix |
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It is a differentiated and highly keratinized cells from the nail matrix |
Nail plate |
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It lies beneath the nail body, distal to the nail matrix |
Nail bed |
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Thick keratinized layer extending from the upper surface of the nail groove |
Eponychium |
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Local thickening of the stratum corneum underlying the free end of the nail |
Hyponychium |
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The whitish,opaque, crescent-shaped region of the nail |
Lunula |
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What is the main sweat glands in human? |
Eccrine sweat glands |
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What are the two simple coiled tubular glands? |
eccrine and apocrine sweat glands |
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A gland that have a wider and larger lumen that is only functional during puberty. |
Apocrine sweat glands |
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