Skin

Front 1

epidermis

Back 1

outermost superficial layer, keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium. cell types include keratinocyes, melanocytes, merkel cells, and langerhans cells.

Front 2

dermis

Back 2

middle region

Front 3

hypodermis (superfiscial fascia)

Back 3

deepest region

Front 4

keratinocytes

Back 4

produce the fibrous protein keratin

Front 5

melanocytes

Back 5

produce the brown pigment melanin

Front 6

langerhans cell

Back 6

epidermal macrophages that help activate the immune system

Front 7

merkel cells

Back 7

function as touch receptors in association with sensory nerve endings

Front 8

Stratum basale (basal layer) (epidermis layer)

Back 8

deepest epidermal layer, cell undergo rapid division, alternate name stratum germinativum

Front 9

stratum spinosum (prickly layer)(epidermis layer)

Back 9

cells contain a weblike system of intermediate filaments attached to desmosomes. melanin granules and langerhans cells are abundant in this layer

Front 10

stratum granulosum(epidermis layer)

Back 10

keratohyaline and lamellated granules accumulate in the cells of this layer

Front 11

stratum lucidum (epidermis layer)

Back 11

transparent band superficial to the stratum granulosum, consists of a few rows of flat, dead keratinocyes. present only in thick skin

Front 12

stratum corneum (horny layer) (epidermis layer)

Back 12

outermost layer, functions include waterproofing, and protection from abrasion and penetration.

Front 13

mnemonic for layers of epidermis from superficial to deep

Back 13

can lotions give skin blisters

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale

Front 14

dermis (cells)

Back 14

cell types include fibroblasts, macrophages, and occasional mast cells. composed of 2 layers, papillary and reticular. it is dense irregular connective tissue, lots of colagan fibers.

Front 15

papillary layer (dermis layer)

Back 15

its superior surface contains peglike projections called dermal papillae, responsible for fingerprints

Front 16

reticular layer (dermis layer)

Back 16

80% of the thickness of the skin as a whole

Front 17

hypodermis (tissues)

Back 17

composed of adipose and areolar connective tissue

Front 18

cyanosis

Back 18

blue pigment associated with deoxygenation of hemoglobin

Front 19

erythema

Back 19

redness due to surface capillaries vasodilating (embarrasment, fever, allergy, inflammation)

Front 20

jaundice

Back 20

abnormal yellow cast of skin and sclerae usually due to bilirubin accumulation. bilirubin is a breakdown product of hemoglobin.

Front 21

bronzing

Back 21

due to addisons disease (inadequate functioning of adrenal cortex)

Front 22

hematomas

Back 22

black and blue marks due to ruptrue of blood vessels and clotting of blood in deep skin tissues. (bruise, contussion, and ecchymosis)

Front 23

melanin

Back 23

yellow to reddish-brown to black pigment, responsible for dark skin colors. produced by melancytes. (darker skin does not have more melancytes)

Front 24

carotene

Back 24

yellow to orange pigment, most obvious in the palms and soles of the feet. accumulates when excessive vitamin a is ingested

Front 25

hemoglobin

Back 25

reddish pigment responsible for the pinkish hue of the skin. found in erythrocytes in blood, carries O2

Front 26

eccrine sweat glands

Back 26

found in palms, soles of the feet, and forehead, (ducts empty onto skin's surface through pores)

Front 27

apocrine sweat glands

Back 27

found in axillary and anogenital areas, (ducts empty into a hair follicle)

Front 28

ceruminous glands

Back 28

modified apocrine glands in external ear canal that secrete cerumen (earwax)

Front 29

mammary glands

Back 29

specialized sweat glands that secrete milk, (not present in non-lactating females)

Front 30

sebaceous glands

Back 30

mode of secretion is holocrine
simple alveolar glands found all over the body. soften skin when stimulated by hormones, secrete and oily secretion called sebum.

Front 31

mnemonic for sebaceous gland

Back 31

see the bum with the oily hair

Front 32

hair

Back 32

contains hard keratin, made of of the shaft projecting from the skin, and the root embedded in the skin,,, consists of a core called the medulla, a cortex and an outermost cuticle,,,,pigmented bye melanocytes.

Front 33

hair functions and distribution

Back 33

maintain warmth, presence of insects, guarding the scalp against physical trauma, heat loss, and sunlight,

Front 34

vibrissa(e)

Back 34

guard hairs for the nose and ear

Front 35

hair is distributed over hte entire skin surface except

Back 35

palms, soles, and lips,, nipples and portions of the external genitalia

Front 36

hair follicle

Back 36

deep end is expanded forming a hair bulb. a nknot of sensory nerve endings ( a root hair plexus) wraps around each hair bulb. outermost layers is connective tissue root sheath and inner layers are epithelia root sheath (which has an external and internal portion)

Front 37

parts of the hair follicles

Back 37

outer part is connective tissue root sheath, then glassy membrane, then follicle well, external epithelia root sheath, internal epithelial root sheath, cuticle, cortex, and medulla

Front 38

anagen

Back 38

growth stage (3 mm/day in young adult) last 6-8 years in young adult, 90% of scalp follicles in anagen at any point in time

Front 39

catagen

Back 39

shrinking follicle (last 2-3 weeks)

Front 40

telogen

Back 40

resting stage (lasts 1-3 months)

Front 41

a person that compulsively pulls out his or her hair

Back 41

trichotillomania

Front 42

vellus

Back 42

pale, fine body hair found in children and the adult femail

Front 43

terminal

Back 43

coarse, long hair of eyebrows, scalp, axillary and pubic regions

Front 44

lanugo

Back 44

short, unpigmented hair found on the fetus

Front 45

hirsutism

Back 45

beard and chest hair growtn in woment due to excessive testosteron (usually from a adrenal tumor)

Front 46

alopecia

Back 46

hair thinning in both sexes (true, or frank, baldness)

Front 47

male pattern baldness

Back 47

caused by follicular response to DHT (dehydrotesterosterone, a metabolite of testerone)) women generally dont have high enough testosterone levels to express this phenotype (gene)

Front 48

structures of a nail

Back 48

lunala, eponychium (cuticle), and hyponychium

Front 49

straight hair

Back 49

round cross-section

Front 50

wavy hair

Back 50

oval cross-section

Front 51

kinky hair

Back 51

flat cross-section

Front 52

black or brown hair pigment

Back 52

eumelanin

Front 53

blond hair pigment

Back 53

pheomelanin

Front 54

red hair pigment

Back 54

some eumelanin, and lots of pheomelanin

Front 55

white hair pigment

Back 55

due to air in the medulla

Front 56

gray hair pigment

Back 56

mixture of black and white

Front 57

functions of the integumentary system

Back 57

protection, body temperature regulation, and cutaneuous sensation (exoreceptors sense touch and pain)

Front 58

vasodilation

Back 58

to cool the body

Front 59

vasoconstriction

Back 59

to retain heat in the body

Front 60

metabolic functions (more functions of integumentary system)

Back 60

synthesis of vitamin d in dermal blood vessels

Front 61

(more functions of integumentary system) blood reservoir

Back 61

skin blood vessels store up to 5% of the body's blood volume

Front 62

(more functions of integumentary system) excretion

Back 62

limited amounts of nitrogenous wastes (urea) are eliminated from the body in sweat

Front 63

three major types of skin cancer

Back 63

basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma

Front 64

hair facts

Back 64

human body contains 5 million hair follicles, scap contains 100,000 to 150,000 hair follicles, blonds 140,000 hair follicles, brunettes 105,000, and redheads have 90,000... about 90% of the hair on a person's scalp is growing at anyon one time. typical beard may contain 30,000 hairs

Front 65

basal cell carcinoma

Back 65

stratum basale cells and is slow growin, and do not often metastasize.

Front 66

squamous cell carcinoma

Back 66

stratum spinosum, grows rapidly and metastasizes if not removed

Front 67

melanoma

Back 67

most dangerous type of skin cancer becaus it is highly metastatic, and resistant to chemotherapy. arises from a preexisting mole. childhood sunburn vicrims most at risk,especially redheads

Front 68

melanoma ABCD rule

Back 68

A. asymmetry 2 sides of the pigmented area do not match\
b. border is irregular and exhibits indentations
c. color (pigmented area) is black, brown, tan and sometimes red or blue
D. diameter is larger than 6mm (size of a pencil eraser)

Front 69

first- degree burns

Back 69

only epidermis is damaged

Front 70

second-degree burns

Back 70

epidermis and upper regions of dermis are damaged. blisters appear

Front 71

third-degree burns

Back 71

entire thickness of the skin is damaged,... blackened, dead tissue is called eschar,,,high infection rate treated with fluid replacement and debridement

Front 72

UVA and UVB sunscreens

Back 72

both can burn as well as tan