Skills 3: Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Tracheostomey

Front 1

Inferior vena cava

Back 1

Returns deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right side of the heart

Front 2

Superior vena cava

Back 2

Returns deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the right side of the heart

Front 3

Aorta

Back 3

Carries oxygenated blood thru the body

Front 4

Pulmonary artery

Back 4

leaves the right ventricle and takes unoxygentated blood to the lungs

Front 5

4 pulmonary veins

Back 5

Returns oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart

Front 6

Base of the heart

Back 6

The top of the heart

Front 7

Apex of the heart

Back 7

The bottom of the heart; located down and to the left, extending to the 5th Intercostal space

THIS IS THE POINT OF MAXIMAL IMPULSE AND IS WHERE THE APICAL PULSE IS BEST HEARD

Front 8

Pericardium

Back 8

the tough thin sac that protects the heart. It has 2 layers

Inner visceral layer and Outer Parietal layer

In between these 2 layers is a small space that contains 20-50 ml of pericardial fluid. This fluid facilitates movement of the heart muscle and serves as a lubricant

Front 9

Chambers of the Heart

Back 9

Right and left Atria
Right and left Ventricles

Front 10

Right atrium

Back 10

Collection point for blood returning from systemic circulation

Receives unoxygenated blood from the body

Front 11

Left atrium

Back 11

Receives freshly oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary arteries

Front 12

Pulmonary valve and aortic valve are open during?

Back 12

systole

Front 13

The atrioventricular valves are open during?

Tricuspid and mitral

Back 13

diastole

this is when the heart (atria and ventricles) is filling with blood.

Front 14

How the blood flows through the heart

Back 14

Superior and Inferior vena cava
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary valve
Pulmonary arteries
Lungs
Pulmonary veins
Left Atrium
Mitral valve
Left ventricle
Aortic vavle
Aorta

Front 15

heart rate

Back 15

Number of cardiac cycles in one minute

60-100 BPM (normal)

Front 16

Diastole

Back 16

Heart relaxes and fills with blood

mitral and tricuspid valves are open

Front 17

Systole

Back 17

The heart (myocardial muscles) contracts and the aortic and pulmonic valves are open

Blood is ejected into the pulmonic and systemic arteries

This creates the S1 sound; it is the beginning of systole. It is caused by the closing of the mitral and tricuspid valves

Front 18

S1 sound

Back 18

beginning of systole

It is the sound of the mitral and tricuspid valves closing

Front 19

S2 sound

Back 19

the beginning of diastole

Sound is caused by the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves

Front 20

Cardiac output (CO)

Back 20

The amount of blood pumped/minute

usually about 5L

Front 21

Stroke volume (SV)

Back 21

volume of blood ejected by the ventricles in one cardiac cycle

Front 22

Formula for cardiac output

Back 22

CO=SV x HR

Front 23

Conditions affecting CO

Back 23

blood loss (hemorrhage)
change in HR
Cardiac pump issues MI, Congestive heart failure, angina (chest pain)
Fever
cold
exercise
Pregnancy
and more

Front 24

Electrical activity of the Heart

Back 24

Sino-atrial (SA) node - the hearts pacemaker located in the right atrium
The heart contracts in response to the electrical impulses which normally begins in the SA node

Atrioventricular node- AV node can generate an impulse if there is a failure in the SA node

Bundle of HIS
Right and Left Bundle Branches
Purkinje fibers

Front 25

Angina

Back 25

Chest pain that occurs when the blood supply to the heart is insufficient. An imbalance between oxygen supply and demand.

Symptoms: Chest pain that can extend to the arms, chest, jaw or back.
It may be precipitated by stress, exercise or other conditions that increase O2 demands to the heart

Front 26

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

Back 26

Narrowing or obstruction of the arterial lumen in the vessels.

Front 27

Atherosclerosis

Back 27

plaque formation in arteries

Front 28

Myocardial infarction MI

Back 28

Heart attack
It happens when there is an occlusion (blockage) of the coronary artery, and the heart muscle is deprived of oxygen

This leads to ischemia (localized lack of blood flow to the heart muscle tissue) and eventually to necrosis (death)

Risk factors: CAD ,age, family history, diabetes, smoking, hypertension

Front 29

Right sided heart failure

Back 29

R ventricle needs to work harder while oxygen needs are also increasing. The amount of blood ejected from the R ventricle decreases and as a result, you see blood back up in the systemic circulation. You see lower extremity edema, weight gain, enlargement of the liver and spleen

Fluid back up systemically

Front 30

Left sided heart failure

Back 30

decreased functioning of the left ventricle. The volume of blood pumped out to the body is decreased. This results in fatigue, dizziness and confusion, decreased oxygen to the tissues.
pulmonary edema- crackles and increased SOB

Fluid back up in the lungs

Front 31

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

Back 31

Left sided Failure: Cough, SOB, Fluid in lungs BACK UP TO LUNGS
Right sided Failure: Edema, ascities (build up of fluid in the space between the lining of the abdomen and abdominal organs (the peritoneal cavity), Enlarged liver BACK UP SYSTEMICALLY

Front 32

Arterial system

Back 32

Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries

Arteries carry oxygen rich blood, with the exception of the pulmonary artery which carries blood from the heart to the lungs

they have thick walls because they transport blood under high pressure

Capillary walls are thin and permeable which allows for oxygen, nutrient and waste exchange

Front 33

Venous System

Back 33

Veins
Venules

Carry oxygen depleted blood with the exception of the pulmonary veins, which return the blood from the lungs to the heart, Veins are smaller, thinner and more pliable than arteries.

They also have one way valves that aide blood return from the periphery

Arteries have no valves