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31 Cards in this Set
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Skeletal system 6 functions |
1. Structural support 2. storage of minerals 3. Protection 4. Movement 5. Blood cell production 6. PH balance |
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Characteristics of bone matrix |
2/3 inorganic Matrix (minerals) -Main mineral is calcium this makes the bones hard and brittle and resist compression 1/3 organic Matrix (proteins) -Main protein is collagen this makes the bone flexible and strong -Provides Matrix for formation of mineral crystals The Matrix is arranged in lamellae (layers) |
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Cells of the bone |
Osteogenic cells- stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts Osteoblasts- bone-building cells that secrete organic Matrix and promote calcification Osteocytes- mature osteoblast surrounded with bone matrix; regulate bone remodeling Osteoclasts- large multinucleated cells responsible for bone reabsorption |
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Characteristics of compact bone |
Strong and resist linear compression and is usually on the outside of Bones Osteon-main unit Lamellae- concentric layers of Matrix Osteocytes in lacunae connected by canalculi Central canal with blood vessels and nerves Interstitial lamellae- fill the irregular spaces between osteons circumferential lamellae- outer and inner layers of lamellae add strength. Perforating canals- originate from blood vessels in periosteum and travel at right angles to Central canals of neighboring osteons serve to connect the central canals with one another |
Definition and structure of osteons Central canals lamellae can Alkali lacunae interstitial lamellae circumferential lamellae Perforating canals |
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Characteristics of Spongy bone |
Trabeculae is what it's made out of its avascular it is the lighter bone and stores bone marrow and it withstands varied forces |
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Yellow bone marrow and red bone marrow |
Yellow bone marrow is fat and red bone marrow is red blood cell |
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Membranes |
Periosteum is the outermost membrane with fibrous outer and cellular inner layer Endosteum is incomplete cellular membrane that lines the marrow cavity, Central canals and trabeculae |
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Types of Bones and characteristics |
Long bones- long and slender flat bones- thin & flat spongy bone sandwiched between two layers of compact bone irregular bones- complex irregular shaped short bone- small and bony sesamoid bones- small flat inside tendon such as kneecap sutural bones- in skull sutures |
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Osteogenesis |
Creation or production of bone |
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Ossification |
The process of replacing other tissues with bone Always involves calcification |
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Intramembranous ossification definition and steps |
Bone develops from mesenchyme which is embryonic connective tissue in the deeper layers of the dermis. Mechanism of ossification of skull bones and clavicle Step 1- mesenchymal cells lined up along blood vessels become osteoblast and secrete osteoid Step 2- osteoid calcified and trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes, bone grows in spurts (spicules) which fuse together over time, blood vessels become trapped in Matrix Step 3- cells differentiate into periosteum on the outer surfaces, spongy bone has developed under the periosteum Step 4- spongy bone under the periosteum is remodeled into compact bone |
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Endochondral ossification definition and steps |
Bone replaces hyaline cartilage Step 1- an early cartilage model is formed composed of hyaline cartilage and covered with perichondrium Step 2- at primary ossification Center, chondrocytes increase in size and the reduced Matrix begins to calcify. Chondrocytes die. Perichondrium starts producing osteoblasts which build a thin bone collar and the perichondrium becomes periosteum Step 3- in primary ossification Center, osteoblast deposit layers of bone Primary marrow cavity forms when osteoclast erode the primary bone in the center of the shaft secondary ossification centers form in epiphyses Step 4- Secondary form in the epiphysis Step 5- ossification and secondary ossification centers is complete and they feel spongy bone. Cartilage only persist in two places: epiphyseal plates and articular surfaces where bones interact with the joint called articular cartilage Step 6- By early twenties all epiphyseal cartilage ossifies and Bones stop growing |
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How bones grow in length and epiphyseal closure |
Cartilage grows on the epiphyseal side and is replaced by bone on the diaphyseal side Epiphyseal closure is between ages of 18 and 21 cartilage is completely ossified and longitudinal growth stops |
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Appositional growth |
Growth in width Osteoblast in inner layer of periosteum deposit additional lamellae of Matrix Additional layers of circumferential lamellae make compact bone thicken and strengthen As new lamellae are added older deeper circumferential lamellae are restructured into osteons |
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Bone remodeling definition what is reabsorption and deposition the cells involved |
Bone remodeling is the continuous formation and loss of bone New bone is formed by bone deposition by osteoblasts and old bone is removed by bone reabsorption by osteoclasts |
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Effects of calcium vitamin d and vitamin C and vitamin K and bone health and deficiencies |
Calcium is necessary for energetic Matrix vitamin C important for collagen synthesis and osteoblast differentiation vitamin K necessary for osteoblast activity Vitamin D helps the absorption of calcium Vitamin C deficiency causes scurvy and deficiency of calcium leads to osteoporosis
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Effects of GH and estrogen and progesterone and testosterone |
GH causes bones to grow Hormones stimulates the growth and time of epiphyseal closure |
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Know what causes dwarfism and gigantism and acromegaly |
Dwarfism is no GH giantism is too much GH acromegaly is too much GH after epiphyseal closure |
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Definitions of hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia |
Hypocalcemia is below normal blood calcium concentration hypercalcemia is above normal blood calcium concentration |
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Calcium homeostasis |
Low Blood Calcium 1) absorb more calcium through digestive tract 2) retain calcium in kidneys 3) stimulate osteoclast to break down bone matrix and release calcium PTH and calcitriol causes increase in CA High Blood Calcium Calitonin released and decrease CA |
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Steps in fracture repair |
1) fracture hematoma forms to stop bleeding 2) soft callus made of cartilage fill the area of break 3) osteoblast will convert soft callus to hard callus 4) bone remodeling until callus is remodeled to normal bone |
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Axial skeleton definition and functions |
From the longitudinal axis of the body such as the school vertebrae and thoracic cage Functions are to support and protect organs in dorsal and ventral body cavities to provide attachment for muscles that adjust head neck and trunk position and form respiratory movements stabilizes the position of the appendicular skeleton |
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The appendicular skeleton |
The appendicular skeleton is Limbs and girdles primarily suited for movement, support , and muscle attachment |
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Function of cranial bones facial bones and sinuses |
Cranial bones enclose cranial cavity which contains the brain facial bones form framework for the face sinuses are air-filled chambers lined with mucous membranes make bones lighter and allow for resonance |
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Fontanels definition and functions |
Areas of fibrous connective tissue between cranial bones allow for distorsion during birth and brain growth |
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Vertebral column |
Supports the weight of the head neck and trunk protects the spinal cord absorb stresses of movement helps maintain upright body position |
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Functions of the thoracic cage |
Protection of thoracic cavities and parts of the abdominal cavity attachment for Respiratory muscles |
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Pelvis men and women |
Women have an enlarged pubic Outlet broader pubic angle (bigger than 100 degrees) and bigger Q angle |
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Articulations |
Immovable (synarthrosis) such as fused bones gomphosis slightly movable (amphiathrosis) vertebrae tibia and fibula articulation freely movable (diarthrosis) knee and elbow Classification of joints: Bony immovable joint between two fused bones fiberous held together by collagenous connective tissue Cartilaginous held together by cartilage synovial fluid-filled cavity |
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Synovial joints diarthrosis |
Joint cavity surrounded by joint capsuleSynovial fluid- is for lubrication nutrition and shock absorption articular cartilage- is for padding meniscus- pad of fibrocartilage Synovial fluid- is for lubrication nutrition and shock absorption articular cartilage- is for padding meniscus- pad of fibrocartilage |
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Three types of levers effort Falcon and resistance and direction of effort and movement of resistance |
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