Skeletal System Ch. 6

Front 1

Compact Bone

Back 1

Dense and looks smooth
Outer surface made of tightly packed tissue
Resists compression and bending

Front 2

Spongy Bone

Back 2

Small needle like pieces with open spaces in between
Irregular places inside of compact bone
Reduces weight of skeleton
AKA cancellous

Front 3

Trabeculae

Back 3

Needle like pieces of bone found in spongy bone

Front 4

Long Bone

Back 4

Longer than wide
Constructed primarily of compact bone
EX. bones of limbs

Front 5

Short Bone

Back 5

Roughly cube like
Contain mostly spongy bone
EX. bones of wrist and ankle

Front 6

Flat bone

Back 6

Thin, flattened and usually curved
2 layers of compact bone with spongy bone in between
EX. sternum, ribs, and most skull bones

Front 7

Irregular bone

Back 7

Complicated shapes and don't fit in any of the other classes
EX. vertebrae, hip bones, and some skull bones

Front 8

Osteoprogenitor Cells

Back 8

Undifferentiated cells
Can divide to replace themselves
Can become osteoblasts
Found in inner layer of periosteum and endosteum

Front 9

Osteoblasts

Back 9

Form matrix and collagen fibers
Can not divide

Front 10

Osteocytes

Back 10

Mature bone cells
No longer secrete matrix

Front 11

Osteoclasts

Back 11

Huge cells from fused monocytes (white blood cells)
Function in bone resorption at surfaces such as endosteum

Front 12

Parts of a Long Bone

Back 12

Epiphysis, articular cartilage, diaphysis

Front 13

Epiphysis

Back 13

The two ends of a long bone

Front 14

Articular Cartilage

Back 14

Hyaline cartilage on the ends of epiphysis
Cushions and absorb shock during joint movement

Front 15

Diaphysis

Back 15

Shaft of bone located between epephysis

Front 16

Periosteum

Back 16

Fibrous, vascular covering of bone
Attached to underlying bone by Sharpey's fibers and to ligaments and tendons
Forms and repairs bone tissue

Front 17

Endosteum

Back 17

Delicate connective tissue membrane
Lines inner surface of bone
Contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Front 18

Medullary Cavity

Back 18

Cavity in the diaphysis
Contains yellow marrow (storage of adipose tissue)

Front 19

Chemical Composition of Bone

Back 19

Organic components: cells and osteoid
Inorganic components: Hydroxyapatites - mineral salts (calcium phosphate)- give hardness to bone

Front 20

Functions of the Skeletal System

Back 20

Support body
Protect softer tissue
Act as levers for movement
Hematopoiesis (production of blood cells)

Front 21

Functions of the Skeletal System Continued

Back 21

Stores organic salts
Stores adipose tissue (yellow marrow)
Provides attachment sites for skeletal muscles

Front 22

Endochondral Bone Formation

Back 22

The replacement of cartilage by bone
AKA intracartilaginous ossificaton

Front 23

Osteoporosis

Back 23

Excessive loss of bone mass and mineral content weakening bones
Bones fracture easily
Closely associated with aging
Common in women after menopause

Front 24

Osteomalacia

Back 24

Bones are inadequately mineralized
AKA soft bone
Osteoid is produced, calcium salts not deposited
Usually caused by insufficient calcium

Front 25

Types of Fractures

Back 25

Partial (incomplete), complete, closed (simple), open (compound), comminuted, greenstick, stress, spiral

Front 26

Fracture

Back 26

Any break in bone

Front 27

Partial Fracture

Back 27

Break across bone is incomplete
AKA incomplete fracture

Front 28

Complete Fracture

Back 28

Break is complete

Front 29

Closed Fracture

Back 29

Bone does not break skin
AKA simple fracture

Front 30

Open Fracture

Back 30

Bone breaks the skin
AKA compound fracture

Front 31

Comminuted Fracture

Back 31

Bone is splintered between the two main fragments

Front 32

Greenstick Fracture

Back 32

One side of the bone is fractured and the other bends
Most common in children

Front 33

Stress Fracture

Back 33

Partial fracture as a result of repeated stress
Most common in athletes

Front 34

Spiral Fracture

Back 34

Ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied
Common sports fracture

Front 35

Closed Reduction

Back 35

Bone ends are coaxed back into normal position by physician hands

Front 36

Open Reduction

Back 36

Surgery is preformed and the bone ends are secured by pins or wires

Front 37

Bone Repair Process

Back 37

Blood vessels are torn, hematoma forms, callus forms between bone, excess material is removed (remodeling)

Front 38

Aging on Bone Tissue

Back 38

Tissue is gradually lost with age
Demineralization
Decrease in protein synthesis

Front 39

Bone Scan

Back 39

Radioactive tracer given IV
Hot spots- areas of increased metabolic activity, may indicate cancer, abnormal healing or growth
Cold spots- decreased metabolism may indicate decalcified bone, fracture or infection