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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The body frame work consists of what four items? |
Bones cartilage ligaments joints |
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What are the seven functions of the skeletal system? |
Support movement blood cell formation (hemopoiesis) protection of internal organs detoxification provision for muscle attachment mineral storage (P and Ca+) |
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Bones are classified by what six shapes? |
Long bones short bones flat bones irregular bones Sesamoid bones Sutural bones |
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What are the cells that form compact bone called? |
Osteoblasts
(When they become fixed in the dense bone matrix, they stop dividing but continue to maintain bone tissue as osteocytes) |
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What does the axial skeleton consist of? |
14 Facial bones 14 bones of the cranium 33 bones of the vertebrae bones of the thorax and sternum 12 pairs of ribs |
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What does the appendicular skeleton consist of? |
The girdles and the limbs |
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What are the two types of bone? |
Compact bone: osteocytes are arranged in concentric lamellae around a central canal containing blood vessels
spongy bone: does not have osteons, instead the bonus structured as an open network of trabeculae and the space between trabeculated is filled with red bone marrow |
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What is ossification? |
Ossification is the formation of bone |
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What is calcification? |
Calcification is the process of depositing calcium salts occurring during bone ossification |
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What are the two main forms of ossification? |
Endochondral ossification: bone replaces existing cartilage
Intramembranous ossification: bone develops directly from connective tissue
(Both occur during fetal development) |
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What is the process of remodeling? |
The adult skeleton maintains itself by recycling and renewing bone matrix. |
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1 If deposition is greater than removal, bones get?
2 If removal is faster than her placement, bones get? |
1 stronger 2 weaker |
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Heavily stressed bones become ? and ? |
Thicker and stronger |
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What is the most abundant mineral in the body? |
Calcium |
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What is the difference between parathyroid hormone and calcitonin? |
Parathyroid hormone: breaks down bone by stimulating osteoclasts, increasing intestinal absorption of calcium and decreasing calcium excretion at kidneys
Calcitonin: build up boned by inhibiting osteoclast activity, decreasing intestinal absorption of calcium and increasing calcium excretion at kidneys |
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What are the four steps in repairing a fracture? |
1 extensive bleeding occurs and a large blood clot forms
2 and internal callus forms as a network of spongy bone unites the inner edges and an external callus of cartilage and bone stabilizes the outer edges
3 cartilage of the external callus has been replaced by bone and struts of spongy bone now unite the broken ends
4 a swelling initially marks location of the fracture and overtime this region will be remodeled and little evidence of the fracture will remain |
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What is osteopenia? |
Osteopenia is in adequate ossification begins between ages 30 and 40 and women lose 8% of bone while men lose 3% ... Resulting in fragile limbs, reduction height, and tooth loss |
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What is osteoporosis? |
Osteoporosis is severe bone loss and it occurs over the age of 45 in 29% of women and 18% of men
(Estrogens and androgens help maintain bone mass, therefore bone loss in women accelerates after menopause) |
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True or false: for the infant skull, fusion is not complete at birth? |
True
(Example: soft spot - fontanelles) |
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Difference between male and female skulls? |
Male: heavier, rougher, larger, more sloping, and larger more robust jaw
Female: lighter, smoother, smaller, more vertical and smaller less robust job |
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What are the differences between the male and female pelvis? |
Male: heavier, narrower, rougher, more robust, more vertical, deeper and under 90°
Female: later, broader, smoother, less robust, wider, more open, enlarged and 100° or greater |
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True or false: joint strength decreases as mobility increases? |
True |
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What are the two classifications of joints? |
1 functional classification: based on range of motion
2 structural classification: relies on the anatomical organization of the joint |
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What are the three types of functional classification of joints? |
Synarthrosis: immovable joint
Amphiarthrosis: slightly movable joint
Diarthrosis: freely movable joint |
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What are the four structural classifications of joints? |
Bony fibrous cartilaginous synovial |
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What are the four types of synarthrotic joints? |
Suture (suture)
Gomphosis (teeth to socket)
Synchondrosis (between sternum and rib)
Synostosis (epiphyseal lines) |
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What are the two types of amphiarthroses? |
1syndesmosis (bones connected by ligaments)
2 symphysis (bones separated by fibrocartilage) |
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What is synovial fluid and what is its function? |
Contains slippery proteoglycans secreted by fibroblasts
Acts as ... Lubricant, nutrient distribution and shock absorption |
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What are the accessory structures of synovial joints? |
Cartilages (cushion the joint)
fat pads (protect articular Cartilages)
ligaments (support and strengthens joints)
tendons (attach to muscles around joint)
bursae (pockets of synovial fluid, cushion areas where tendons or ligaments rub) |
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What are the three degenerative changes in joints? |
Rheumatism: A pain and stiffness of skeletal and muscular systems
arthritis: all forms of rheumatism of that damage articular Cartlidge is a synovial joints
osteoarthritis: caused by where in tear of joint surfaces or genetic factors affecting collagen formation, generally in people over age 60 |
