Skeletal System

Front 1

axial skeleton

Back 1

bones along the central axis of the body
skull, hyoid bone, spinal column, ribs and sternum

Front 2

appendicular skeleton

Back 2

bones of the limbs (appendages)

Front 3

ossification

Back 3

minerilization or hardening of bone

Front 4

osteoblast

Back 4

cells that produce bone
develope from cartilage cells and mature into bone producing cells

Front 5

osteocyte

Back 5

mature bone cell
located in the lacunae

Front 6

osteoclast

Back 6

cells of bone that absorb bone and structures
reshape and remodel damaged bone

Front 7

compact bone

Back 7

heavy, dense bone
made up of havarsarian systems
makes up shafts of long bone and the outer surfaces of all bones

Front 8

cancellous bone

Back 8

spongy bone
composed of spicules separated by bone marrow

Front 9

where is cancellous bone found

Back 9

epiphyses of long bone
interiors of short bone, flat bones and irregular bones

Front 10

osteon

Back 10

another name for havarsarian system

Front 11

lacunae

Back 11

small cavities within which chondrocytes and osteocytes are contained

Front 12

chondrocyte

Back 12

mature cartilage cell

Front 13

epiphysis

Back 13

end of a long bone

Front 14

diaphysis

Back 14

shaft of a long bone

Front 15

periosteum

Back 15

fibrous membrane that covers the outside of bones
*excludes their articular surfaces

Front 16

articular surface

Back 16

smooth join surface of a bone that contacts another bone in a synovial joint

Front 17

endosteum

Back 17

fibrous membrane that lines the hollow interiors of bone

Front 18

articular cartilage

Back 18

thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the articular surface in synovial joints.

Front 19

articular process

Back 19

process of a vertebra that forms a synovial joint with an adjacent vertebra

Front 20

condyles

Back 20

large, rounded articular surface
ex. distal ends of humerus and femur

Front 21

facet

Back 21

flat articular surface
ie: between carpus bones and between radius and ulna

Front 22

process

Back 22

lump, bump or projection on a bone.

Front 23

trochanter

Back 23

greater and lesser trochanter
ares on the femur where leg muscles attach

Front 24

tubercle

Back 24

round bodule or small growth on bone
generally at sites of muscle attachment

Front 25

foramen

Back 25

hole in a bone

Front 26

fossa

Back 26

depressed or sunken area on the surface of bone

Front 27

red marrow

Back 27

hematopoietic type of bone marrow

Front 28

hematopoietic

Back 28

red blood cell producing

Front 29

yellow bone marrow

Back 29

most common in adult animals
consists mainly of adipose connective tissue
does not produce red blood cells but can convert to red bone marrow if needed

Front 30

bone homeostasis

Back 30

equilibrium between bone cells

Front 31

dolichocephalic

Back 31

long faced
ex collie

Front 32

mesaticephalic

Back 32

"normal" shaped head

Front 33

brachycephalic

Back 33

short faced
ie: boston terriers, pugs

Front 34

mandibular symphasis

Back 34

cartilaginous joint that unites the 2 sides of the mandible at the rostral end

Front 35

fibrous joint

Back 35

immovable joint
aka synarthrosis
bones are firmly united by fibrous tissue

ie: suturs that unite skull bones

Front 36

cartilaginous joint

Back 36

joint in which the bones are united by cartilage
aka amphiarthrosis
slight rocking motion permitted between bones

Front 37

synovial joint

Back 37

freely moveable joint
aka diarthrosis

Front 38

meniscus

Back 38

one of 2 concave, half moon-shaped cartilaginous structures on proximal surface of tibia
*help support the condyles of the femur

Front 39

hinge joint

Back 39

joint in which one surface swivels around another like a door hinge
aka ginglymus joint
flexion and extension
ie: elbow

Front 40

gliding joint

Back 40

2 flat articular surfaces rock on each other
ie: carpus

Front 41

pivot joint

Back 41

only allows rotary motion
atlantoaxial joint
aka trochoid joint

Front 42

ball and socket joint

Back 42

aka spheroidal joint
ball shaped joint surface fits ino a closely matching concave (socket)
ie: shoulder and hip joints

Front 43

flexion

Back 43

joint movement that decreases the angle between bones

Front 44

extension

Back 44

joint movement that increases the angle between bones

Front 45

adductin

Back 45

joint movement where extremity is moved towards medial plane

Front 46

abduction

Back 46

joint movement where extremity is moved away from medial plane

Front 47

rotation

Back 47

joint movement that consists of a twisting motion of a part on its own axis

Front 48

circumduction

Back 48

joint movement where the distal end of an extremity moves in a circle

Front 49

what is hypercalcemia

Back 49

levels of calcium in the blood are too high
-calcitonin helps by depositing extra calcium into the bones

Front 50

what is hypocalcemia

Back 50

calcium levels in the blood are too low
-ptf helps by withdrawing calcium from the bones

Front 51

what is the matrix of bone made of? what makes it so hard?

Back 51

composed of collagen fibers embedded in ground substance
-infiltrated with calcium and phosphorus during ossification to make it hard

Front 52

what is the difference between the primary growth center and a secondary growth center?

Back 52

primary: bone begins development in the diaphysis
secondary: bone begins development in the epiphyses

Front 53

why is the occipital bone so important

Back 53

-it is where the spinal cord exits the skull
-it is the skull bone that articulates with the first cervical vertebra