Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
156 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
List the elements for transmission.
|
Agent
Reservoir Portal to exit reservoir Means of transmission Direct or indirect contact Droplet, vehicle, Portal of entry |
|
|
List the process of infection.
|
Incubation
Growing; non specific symptoms Prodromal; Specific symptoms Full disease state; highly infectious Convalescent or death |
|
|
What does TNM stand for in staging of cancer?
|
T = size primary tumor
N = lymph node involvement M = metasasis |
|
|
When grading types of cancer a number 4 would be considered ________ and a number 1 would be considered _______.
|
number 4 = most malignant
number 1 = least malignant |
|
|
Describe osteogenesis imperfecta.
|
a.k.a. Brittle Bone Disease; deficient and imperfect osseous formation, genetic mutations, often blue tint to sclera of eye, bone cortex is thin and porous, trabeculae are thin, delicate and separated
|
|
|
Describe achondroplasia.
|
Disturbance in endochondral bone formation. Cartilage at epiphyses of long bones does not convert to bone. May result in bone deformity and dwarfism. Most common inherited disorder of the skeletal system.
|
|
|
Describe osteopetrosis.
|
a.k.a. Marble Bone. Increased bone density with defective contour (skeletal modeling). Bones heavy, compact and brittle. Reduced marrow space, increased thickness of cortex, increased trabeculae.
Failure of osteoclasts to reabsorb bone. |
|
|
Describe Albers-Schonberg disease.
|
osteosclerotic osteopetrosis;
increased bone density but normal contour (benign). General health unimpaired |
|
|
Describe craniotubular dysplasia
|
Autosomal recessive hereditary disease causing abnormal cranium and long bones(group of diseases)
increase in bone density and abnormal bone modeling. Generally does not impair health unless bony growth traps nerves. |
|
|
Describe Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)
|
Incomplete acetabular formation. Femoral head is displaced superiorly and posteriorly. Affects tendons and ligaments as well. Immobilization first step in treatment.
|
|
|
Describe spina bifida.
|
incomplete closure of vertebral canal
|
|
|
Describe craniosynostoses
|
premature suture closure (may alter shape of head)
|
|
|
Describe anencepahly
|
cranial vault absent
|
|
|
Describe tuberculosis
|
chronic inflammatory disease.
Infective agent is Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Most commonly affects hip, knee and spine. Long bones appear wormy: destroys epiphyses, may affect joints (Spinal tuberculosis is called Pott’s Disease) |
|
|
What is ganglion?
|
cyst in tendon sheath
|
|
|
Describe spondylolisthesis.
|
slippage of body of vertebra
|
|
|
Describe spondylolysis.
|
breakdown of superior and inferior articular processes
|
|
|
Describe osteomalacia.
|
spongy bone due to nutrient deficiency (rickets in children)
|
|
|
Describe hyperparathyroidism.
|
endocrine system disrupts calcium-phosphate ratio
|
|
|
Describe acromegaly
|
increase growth hormone disorder (endocrine disorder)
|
|
|
Describe Paget's Disease
|
(Osteitis Deformans) Unknown etiology. Affects more men. Usually no treatment however may administer medication to decrease bone resorption.
Two stages: Osteolytic stage –destruction Oseoblastic stage –replaces bone with soft, demineralized |
|
|
Define exostosis.
|
excessive bone growth
|
|
|
Describe Osteochondroma
|
benign projection with cartilaginous cap. Often involving distal femur (knee). Exostosis(excessive bone growth) occurs in epiphysealplate (metaphysis) and grows laterally. The most common benign bone tumor. Multiple exostoses may evolve into malignant disease (chondrosarcoma)
|
|
|
Describe osteoma
|
less frequent, benign growth usually cranial. Dense, well circumscribed bone. Slow growing. Location may cause problem (pressing on optic nerve). Hyperostosis frontalisinterna(osteoma of skull)
|
|
|
Describe endochondroma
|
Slow growing benign cartilaginous tissue. Grows in marrow space by expansion. Most common in hands and feet. May cause thinning of cortical bone. May turn malignant.
|
|
|
Describe simple bone cysts.
|
Wall of fibrous tissue filled with fluid. Frequent in long bones of children. Well defined margins. Aneurysmal bone cysts consist of numberous blood filled arteriobenous anastomoses (not true neoplasm)
|
|
|
Describe osteoid osteoma
|
Usually develops in teenagers and young adults. Small round lucent center surrounded by large, dense, sclerotic cortical thickening. Arise in cortical bone, visualized as osteolytic.
|
|
|
Describe osteoclastoma
|
Giant cell tumors, characterized by numerous, multinucleated osteoclastic giant cells. 50/50 whether benign. Effects epiphysis of long bones, expands outward from medullary canal. Osteolytic.
|
|
|
Describe osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma)
|
Very common primary malignancy. Arises from osteoblasts at metaphysis. Sunburst appearance and spiculated patterns of new bone growth. Elevates periosteum producing new bone. Highly malignant, often mets to lung. May be connected to radiation exposure.
|
|
|
Describe Ewing's Sarcoma
|
primary malignant tumor arising in bone marrow of long bones. Peak incidence in mid teens. Appearance is ill-defined area of bone destruction. Originates in medullary canal, tumor invades cortical bone and speard into soft tissue. Extremely malignant.
|
|
|
Describe chondrosarcoma
|
Destroys bone as it invades soft tissue. Originate in pelvis, shoulder, ribs but spread to long bones.
|
|
|
Define multiple myeloma
|
widespread malignancy of plasma cells, primary bone tumor which attacks intramedullary canal of diaphysis. classic appearance of radiolucent osteolytic lesions scattered throughout skeleton. Spine is most common site.
|
|
|
That condition which results in increased bone density by preventing medullary canal formation and may subsequently result in anemia is:
|
osteopetrosis
|
|
|
Which disorders would require a decrease in exposure factors due to demineralization or lack of calcium in bone:
|
osteoporosis & osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease)
|
|
Identify the pathology
|
osteochondroma
|
|
|
Most autoimmune disorders are categorized as :
|
inflammatory
|
|
|
Identify the term which describes an objective measurable condition of a pathology :
|
sign
|
|
|
As the body responds to acute infection there may be dilating of blood vessels to bring leukocytes and phagocytes to the area of injury. This increased blood flow results in:
|
redness, swelling, heat
|
|
|
Surgical excision of the nidus is common treatment for:
|
osteoid osteoma
|
|
|
Diagnosis of neoplastic pathology is dependent on:
|
1. location of tumor
2. pattern of bone destruction 3. position within the bone 4. patient's age |
|
|
Define idiopathic
|
Cause unknown
|
|
|
True or false. Compact bone houses trabeculae.
|
False
|
|
|
Pathology related to extreme temperature is classified as:
|
Trauma
|
|
|
Epidemiological studies based on prevalence of disease are focused on:
|
Number of cases found in a given population
|
|
|
Rheumatoid Arthritis is classified as an inflammatory disease caused by:
|
autoimmune response
|
|
|
When patients suffer adverse effects to medical treatment (erythema and radiation therapy), how do we identify that category of reaction?
|
Iatrogenic
|
|
|
A function of the CDC utilizing physician and health care facility reporting is tracking:
|
morbidity rates
|
|
|
That inflammatory skeletal condition which may result from bacterial spreading from direct introduction is:
|
osteomyelitis
|
|
|
That two phase metabolic disease which involves both the destruction of bone and replacement of affected areas with demineralized bone is:
|
Paget's Disease
|
|
|
That term used to describe malignant neoplasm of connective tissues is:
|
sarcoma
|
|
Identify the pathology
|
osteomyelitis
|
|
|
Dysfunction within the endocrine system is a major contributing factor in:
|
metabolic disease
|
|
Identify the pathology
|
Gout
|
|
|
A benign growth most commonly located in the skull or facial area, which generally doesn't pose a problem unless pressing on nerves or vessels is called:
|
Osteoma
|
|
Identify the pathology
|
osteoma
|
|
|
Cells may respond to environmental conditions by altering or converting into other forms. An example of ________ is when esophageal cells convert to Barrett's cells (normally found in the stomach) due to acid reflux
|
Metaplasia
|
|
|
_________ of calcium loss is required before defects are visualized on x-rays.
|
30-50%
|
|
|
Treatment of malignant neoplastic disease which focuses on making the terminal patient comfortable is referred to as:
|
Palliative
|
|
|
Andylosing Spondylitis is also called:
|
Marie Strumpell disease
|
|
|
Identify the type of cell responsible for laying new bone around the periosteum.
|
Osteoblast
|
|
|
That membranous tissue which lines the medullary canal is:
|
endosteum
|
|
|
That condition which results in incomplete closure of the spinal canal is:
|
spina bifida
|
|
|
A degenerative form of arthritis, most commonly affecting large weight bearing bones is:
|
osteoarthritis
|
|
|
Premature closing of the sutures of the skull resulting in disfiguration is:
|
craniosynostoses
|
|
|
Discrete interruptions in the margin of _______bone helps to identify small fractures.
|
compact
|
|
Identify the pathology
|
Hip dysplasia
|
|
|
Sutures of the skull would be classified as _____ joints:
|
synarthrodial
|
|
|
Rickets which affects children, is a type of:
|
osteomalacia
|
|
|
Spinal TB is also called:
|
Pott's disease
|
|
Identify the anatomy
|
Pott's disease (spinal TB)
|
|
|
The most common inherited disorder affecting the skeletal system is ________. This disorder results shortened extremities and dwarfism.
|
Achondroplasia
|
|
|
That condition which results in increased bone density by preventing medullary canal formation and may subsequently result in anemia is:
|
Osteopetrosis
|
|
|
Most autoimmune disorders are classified as:
|
Inflammatory
|
|
|
Identify the term which describes an objective measurable condition of a pathology :
|
sign
|
|
|
As the body responds to acute infection there may be dilating of blood vessels to bring leukocytes and phagocytes to the area of injury. This increased blood flow results in:
|
Redness, swelling, heat
|
|
|
Surgical excision of the nidus is common treatment for:
|
Osteoid osteoma
|
|
|
Diagnosis of neoplastic pathology is dependent on:
|
location of tumor, pattern of bone destruction, postition within the bone, and patient's age
|
|
|
Cancellous bone found between the crainal plates of the skull is called:
|
diploe
|
|
|
True or false. Describing a disease process as idiopathic means no causative factor has been identified for this condition.
|
True
|
|
|
True or false. Compact bone houses trabeculae.
|
False
|
|
|
Pathology related to extreme temperature is classified as:
|
Trauma
|
|
|
Epidemiological studies based on prevalence of disease are focused on:
|
Number of cases in a given population
|
|
|
Rheumatoid Arthritis is classified as an inflammatory disease caused by:
|
autoimmune response
|
|
|
When patients suffer adverse effects to medical treatment (erythema and radiation therapy), how do we identify that category of reaction?
|
iatrogenic
|
|
|
A function of the CDC utilizing physician and health care facility reporting is tracking:
|
morbitity rates
|
|
|
That inflammatory skeletal condition which may result from bacterial spreading from direct introduction is:
|
osteomyelitis
|
|
|
That two phase metabolic disease which involves both the destruction of bone and replacement of affected areas with demineralized bone is:
|
Paget's disease
|
|
|
That term used to describe malignant neoplasm of connective tissues is:
|
Sarcoma
|
|
|
True or false. Chondrosarcoma is a benign neoplastic disease.
|
False
|
|
|
Dysfunction within the endocrine system is a major contributing factor in:
|
Metabolic disease
|
|
|
A benign growth most commonly located in the skull or facial area, which generally doesn't pose a problem unless pressing on nerves or vessells is called:
|
Osteoma
|
|
|
Cells may respond to environmental conditions by altering or converting into other forms. An example of ________ is when esophageal cells convert to Barrett's cells (normally found in the stomach) due to acid reflux
|
Metaplasia
|
|
|
Pathology is often not visible on diagnostic x-rays for a while after onset. As a matter of fact, _________ of calcium loss is required before defects are visualized on x-rays.
|
30-50%
|
|
|
Those anomalies which are present at birth as a result of environmental or other factors are called:
|
congenital
|
|
|
Treatment of malignant neoplastic disease which focuses on making the terminal patient comfortable is referred to as:
|
Palliative
|
|
|
Andylosing Spondylitis is also called:
|
Marie Strumpell disease
|
|
|
Identify the type of cell responsible for laying new bone around the periosteum.
|
Osteoblast
|
|
|
Treatment for cancer is considered curative when:
|
patient is disease free for five years
|
|
|
When seeking multiple sites of increased blood supply due to injury or spread of disease, the most logical choice in imaging modalities is:
|
Nuc med
|
|
|
That membranous tissue which lines the medullary canal is:
|
endosteum
|
|
|
That condition which results in incomplete closure of the spinal canal is:
|
spina bifida
|
|
|
The avian flu of 1918 which killed more than 25 million throughout the world is considered:
|
pandemic
|
|
|
When the pitutary distributes excessive amounts of human growth hormone, ________ may result. Radiographic findings usually include an enlarged sella turcia.
|
Acromegaly
|
|
|
A degenerative form of arthritis, most commonly affecting large weight bearing bones is:
|
osteoarthritis
|
|
|
Premature closing of the sutures of the skull resulting in disfiguration is:
|
Craniosynostoses
|
|
|
Discrete interruptions in the margin of _______bone helps to identify small fractures.
|
compact
|
|
|
True or false. Extreme temperatures will trigger an inflammatory response.
|
False
|
|
|
Sutures of the skull would be classified as _____ joints:
|
synarthrodial
|
|
|
That type of joint often imaged by injecting contrast into membranous sacs in radiology is:
|
synovial
|
|
|
Rickets which affects children, is a type of:
|
osteomalacia
|
|
|
That congenital/hereditary condition (sometimes referred to as brittle bone disease) which results in deficient calcium and blue tint to the sclera is:
|
osteogenesis imperfecta
|
|
|
Spinal TB is also known as:
|
Pott's Disease
|
|
|
That metabolic condition which results in the formation of crystalline uric acid in joint spaces is:
|
Gout
|
|
|
Skeletal system contains __% of body’s calcium and __% of phosphor
|
98 & 75
|
|
|
Describe cancellous bone.
|
Spongy and houses the trabeculae
|
|
|
Describe compact bone
|
Dense outer layer, matrix houses haversian system
|
|
|
What do osteoblasts do?
|
form new bone around outer layer located in periosteum
|
|
|
What do osteoclasts do?
|
Enlarge medullary cavity by removing bone (important in serum calcium and phosphorus equilibrium)
|
|
|
What part of bone contains the blood vessels?
|
Periosteum
|
|
|
What is the periosteum of bone?
|
fibrous membrane that covers the outside of the bone and contains the blood vessels
|
|
|
What is the diaphysis?
|
shaft
|
|
|
What is the epiphysis?
|
end of bone
|
|
|
What is the metaphysis?
|
where the diaphysis and epiphysis meet
|
|
|
What is the endosteum of bone?
|
lines the inner canal
|
|
|
What is the medullary canal?
|
Marrow - canal within the diaphysis
|
|
|
What type of joint is fibrous?
|
synarthrodial
|
|
|
What type of joint is cartilaginous?
|
amphiarthrodial
|
|
|
What types of joints are synovial?
|
diarthrodial
|
|
|
What is DDH?
|
Developmental dysplasia of the hip - incomplete acetabular formation in which the femoral head is displaced superiorly and posteriorly
|
|
|
What is Albers-Schonberg disease?
|
osteosclerotic osteopetrosis;
increased bone density but normal contour (benign) General health unimpaired |
|
|
What is osteopetrosis?
|
Marble Bone
increased bone density with defective contour (skeletal modeling) Bones heavy, compact and brittle Reduced marrow space, increased thickness of cortex Increased trabeculae Failure of osteoclasts to reabsorb bone11 |
|
|
What is Craniosynostoses?
|
premature suture closure
|
|
|
What is anencephaly?
|
absence of cranial vault
|
|
|
What is osteomyelitis?
|
infection of bone and bone marrow, not able to visualize on xray until 10-14 days post infection. 30% to 50% calcium loss required before visualized on x-ray
|
|
|
What is reactive arthritis?
|
A form of Reiter's syndrome
Variant of rheumatoid Appears to occur after certain types of venereal or GI infections Asymmetric involvement of feet Primarily affecting young men Usually nonsterodial antiinflammatory drugs are used in treatment |
|
|
What is a ganglion?
|
Cyst in the sheath of the joint
|
|
|
What are contraindications for an arthrogram?
|
inflammation in the vein
contrast allergy? |
|
|
What is Spondylolisthesis?
|
slippage of body of vertebra
|
|
|
What is Spondylolysis?
|
breakdown of superior and inferior articular processes
|
|
|
what is osteoporosis?
|
failure of osteoblasts to create new bone
|
|
|
what is Hyperparathyroidism?
|
endocrine system disrupts calcium-phosphate ratio
|
|
|
what is osteomalacia?
|
spongy bone due to nutrient deficiency (rickets)
|
|
|
Osteitis deformans is also known as:
|
Paget's disease
|
|
|
What are the two stages of Paget's disease and what occurs in each one?
|
Osteolytic stage –destruction
Oseoblastic stage –replaces bone with soft, demineralized bone |
|
|
What is exostosis?
|
excessive bone growth
|
|
|
What is osteochondroma?
|
benign projection with cartilaginous cap
|
|
|
What is an osteoma?
|
less frequent, benign growth usually cranial
|
|
|
What is endochondroma?
|
slow growing benign cartilagous tissue, May cause thinning of cortical bone
|
|
|
What is an osteoid osteoma?
|
usually develops in teenagers and young adults
|
|
|
Giant cell tumor is also known as:
|
Osteoclastoma
|
|
|
What is an osteoclastoma?
|
characterized by numerous, multinucleated osteoclasticgiant cells (bubbles)
May be either benign or malignant (50/50) 35% recur after surgical excision 15% aggressively malignant Effects epiphyses of long bones Expands outward from medullarycanal Osteolytic–reduce exposure Pathologic fractures often don’t heal because osteoclasticnature of disease |
|
|
Osteosarcoma is also known as:
|
Osteogenic sarcoma
|
|
|
What is osteosarcoma?
|
Very common primary malignancy
Arises from osteoblastsat metaphysis 75% occur in patients younger than 20 yrs old Sunburst appearance and spiculated patterns of new bone growth Elevates periosteum, producing new bone Highly malignant, often metsto lung May be a connection to radiation exposure14 |
|
|
What is Ewing's sarcoma?
|
primary malignant tumor arising in bone marrow of long bones
|
|
|
What is chondrosarcoma?
|
cartilaginous origin, destroys bone as invades soft tissue. Treatment is resection or amputation.
|
|
|
What is multiple myeloma
|
widespread malignancy of plasma cells
Primary bone tumor which attacks intramedullary canal of diaphysis |
