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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hardest Substance in the Body |
Tooth enamel |
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Second Hardest Substance in the Body |
Bone |
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Bone Matrix is made up of... |
collagen fibers embedded in protein and polysaccharrids |
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5 Functions of Bone |
1.Support: softtissues and give them shape 2.Protection: ofvital organs (ex: ribs protect lungs and heart, bones of cranium protect brain) 3.Locomotion: bonesare levers muscles pull against – allows efficient movement 4.Storage: ofinorganic minerals (Ca++, PO4-3, Mg++); fat in the medullary cavity 5.Hematopoiesis: bloodcell formation (in spongy bone and medullary cavity) |
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2 Types of Bone |
1. Cancellous - light and spongy 2. Compact - dense and heavy |
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Cancellous bone Function and Location |
Found in most bone classes Tiny "spicules" of bone (marrow between spaces) |
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Compact bone Function and Location |
Forms shaft of long bones and outer layer of ALL bones Composed of haversian system (runs lengthwise) that allows capillary access to bone |
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Osteoblasts |
Cells that produce bone structure Allows growth and fracture repair (ossification) |
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Once surrounded by bone, osteoblasts are called.. |
Osteocytes - maintain structure of bone |
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Osteoclasts |
Remodal/removal of bone |
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4 Parts of Bone Structure |
1. Periosteum 2. Endosteum 3. Diaphysis 4. Epiphysis |
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Periosteum |
Connective tissue membrane that covers outer surfaces of bones; iscontinuous with the attaching tendons and ligaments
- Outer layer composed of fibrous tissue - Inner layer contains osteoblasts - Not present in articular surfaces |
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Endosteum |
Membrane that lines hollow interior surfaces of bones - contains osteoblasts |
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Diaphysis |
Bone shaft - compact bone surrounds medullary cavity |
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Epiphysis |
Ends of bone - Epiphyseal: growth plate |
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2 Ways of Blood Supply to Bone |
1. Volkmann canals - channels through bone matrix that contain blood vessels that join with capillaries in harvasian systems 2. Nutrient foramina - channels in many large bones contain large blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves |
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3 Possible Mechanisms of Bone Formation |
1. Endochondral ossification: grows into & replaces cartilage, occurs @ epiphyseal plate 2. Intramembranous ossification: develops from fibrous tissue membranes 3. Heteroplastic ossification: bone forms in non-skeletal tissue |
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Endochondral Bone Formation
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Epiphyseal plates: cartilage located between diaphysis & epiphyses of bone -sites where new bone develops to lengthen long bones -osteoblasts replace cartilage with bone on diaphyseal surface of plate -when bone reaches full size; epiphyseal plates completely ossify |
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Intramembranous Bone Formation |
-certain skull bones -bone forms in fibrous tissue membranes that cover brain in developing fetus |
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Fontanels |
"soft spots" allow skull to flex during birth |
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Bone Shapes |
Long (femur) Short (Tarsals) Flat (cranium) Irregular (pelvis) Sesamoid (knee) Pneumatic (in birds) |
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Bone Marrow Location |
Fill spaces between bones |
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Two Types of Bone Marrow |
Red Bone Marrow Yellow Bone Marrow |
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Red Bone Marrow |
forms blood cells majority of bone marrow in young animals only a small portiton of bone marrow in older animals |
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Yellow Bone Marrow |
mostly made up of adipose tissue most common type of marrow in adult animals can revert to red bone marrow if needed |
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3 Articular Surfaces |
Form part of a joint 1. Condyle: large, round 2. Head: spherical surface on proximal end 3. Faucet: flat surface |
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Processes |
Non-articular projections off a bone surface; typically for muscle attachment Name depends on location |
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Foramen |
hole in a bone; allows passage of blood vessels & nerves through bone |
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Fossa |
depressed area on surface of a bone; often a site for muscle attachment |
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Axial Skeleton |
Skull Hyoid bone Spinal column Ribs Sternum |
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Skull |
consists of 37 or 38 seperate bones fibrous joints called sutures mandible connected to rest of skull through synovial joint... temporomandibular joint |
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Hyoid Apparatus |
Supports larynx and base of tongue composed of serveral portions of bone united by cartilage |
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Bones of the Ear |
1. Malleus - attached to ear drum 2. Incus - between malleus and stapes 3. Stapes - attached to inner ear |
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Internal Bones of the Face |
Vomerbone (1)
Turbinates (4) Pterygoidbones (2) Palatinebones (2) |
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Vertebrae consists of... |
Body, arch and processes |
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Intervertebral discs |
cartilage seperating bodies of adjacent vertebrae |
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Processes of Vertebrae |
Spinous/dorsal Transverse Articular |
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Vertebratal Regions |
1. Cervical - neck 2. Thoracic - attached to ribs 3. Lumbar - lower back 4. Sacral - attached to pelvis 5. Coccygeal - tail |
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Cervical Region |
neck C1: atlas C2: axis |
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Mammals have __ cervical vertebrae |
7 |
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Costal Cartilage
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Attach ventral ends of ribs to sternum |
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Costcochondral Junction |
Area where costal cartilage meets boney rib |
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Sternum |
aka breastbone forms floor of thorax |
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Most carnial sternebra |
Manubrium |
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Most caudal sterenbra
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Xiphoid process |
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List the bones of the thoracic limb (Proximal-distal) |
Scapula
Humerus Radius Ulna Carpalbones (carpus) Metacarpalbones Phalanges |
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Glenoid cavity |
shallow, concave articular surface for the humerus |
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Long bone of brachium |
Humerus |
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Humerus Tubercules |
processes where shoulder muscles attach |
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Humerus Condyles |
articular surfaces of elbow joint |
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Trochlear Notch of Ulna |
Concave articular surface |
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Radius |
main weight-bearing bone of antebrachium articulates with humerus and ulna |
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Common Name of Carpus in Small Animals |
Wrist |
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Common Name of Carpus in Large Animals |
Knee |
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Metacarpal Bones |
extend distally from the distal carpal bones to the proximal phalanges |
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How many Metacarpal Bones do dogs and cats have? |
5 (1 - dewclaw) |
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Metacarpal Bone of horses |
One large metacarpal bone Common name: canon bone Medical name: Metacarpal 3 Two smaller vestigial metacarpal bones Common names: splint bones (medial and lateral) Medical names: metacarpal 2 medial, metacarpal 4 lateral |
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Metacarpal Bone of cows |
3 & 4 fused |
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Equine Thoracic Limb Phalanges |
1 digit w/ 3 phalanges 1. Proximal phalanx (long pastern bone) 2. Middle phalanx (middle pastern bone) 3. Distal phalanx (coffin bone) |
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Equine Sesamoid Bones |
2 proximal sesamoids (medial and lateral) 1 distal sesamoid (navicular) |
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____________ holds claw & is removed with declawing |
Distal phalanx |
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List Bones of Pevlic Limb (Proximal-Distal) |
Pelvis–Ilium–Ischium–Pubis
Femur Tibia Fibula Tarsalbones (tarsus) Metatarsalbones Phalanges |
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The pelvic limb is connected to the axial skeleton at the ___________ |
sacroiliac joint |
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3 Fused Bones that Form Each ___________ |
Os Coxa
1. Ilium 2. Ischium 3. Pubis |
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Pelvic Symphysis |
cartilaginous joint between the two halves of the pelvis |
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Femur Proximal end forms _______________ |
coxofemoral joint (hip joint) |
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Femoral head fits deeply into _______________ |
acetabulum of os coxa
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Trochanters |
processes where hip and thigh muscles attach
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Articular surfaces of Femur |
2 condyles (medial and lateral) trochlea |
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Trochlea of Femur |
articular groove containing the patella |
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Patella |
large sesamoid bone
formed in distal tendon of quadriceps muscle protects tendon |
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Fabellae |
two small sesamoid bones in proximal gastrocnemius muscle tendons of dogs and cats
Not present in cattle or horses |
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Tibia |
main weight-bearing bone of the lower limb forms stifle joint and hock |
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Tibial tuberosity |
anterior, cranial |
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Tibial crest |
anterior ridge |
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Fibula function |
serves as a muscle attachment site
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Common name of Tarsus |
hock |
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Calcaneus |
point of attachment for the Achilles tendon of the gastrocnemius muscle |
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Visceral skeleton in heart of cattle and sheep |
Os cardis |
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Visceral skeleton in penis of _______________________ |
dogs, beaver, racoons, walruses os penis |
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Visceral skeleton in nose of swine |
os rostri |
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Examples of Fibrous Joints |
sutures of skull splint bones of horses |
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Cartilaginous Joints (function and examples) |
Capable of slight rocking movement
Ex: mandibular symphysis pubic symphysis intervertebratal discs |
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Synovial Joint Movements |
•Flexion•Extension•Adduction•Abduction•Rotation•Circumduction
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Types of Synovial Joints |
•Hingejoints•Glidingjoints•Pivotjoints•Ball-and-socketjoints
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Hinge Joints are capable of... |
Flexion and extension Ex: elbow joint |
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Gliding joints are capable of... |
Flexion and extension Abduction and adduction possible Ex: carpus |
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Pivot joints are capable of... |
Rotation Ex: atlantoaxial joint |
