Skeletal System

Front 1

what are the four purposes of the vertebral column

Back 1

protect spinal cord
attachment point for muscles/ribs/visceral organs
support head
enable bipedalism

Front 2

what does the vertebral arch do?

Back 2

surrounds and protects the spinal cord

Front 3

where does the spinal cord lie in the spinal column?

Back 3

vertebral foramen

Front 4

How many vertebrae are there?

Back 4

33.

Front 5

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

Back 5

12

Front 6

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

Back 6

5

Front 7

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

Back 7

7

Front 8

How many sacral vertebrae are there?

Back 8

5 fused

Front 9

How many coccyx bones are there?

Back 9

3 - 5 (4 average), FUSED.

Front 10

Which areas of the vertebral canal are enlarged and why?

Back 10

cervical region for the cervical plexus, lumbar region for the lumbar plexus and the sacral region for the lumbosacral plexus.

Front 11

where in the vertebral column do the laminae overlap?

Back 11

thoracic region.

Front 12

What and where are the special features of the transverse processes of the vertebral column?

Back 12

-cervical vertebrae have transverse foramina for the vertebral arteries.
-thoracic vertebrae have transverse facets for articulation with the heads of the ribs.
- lumbar transverse processes are long and slim to allow muscle attachment
- sacral transverse processes are fused.

Front 13

describe the spinous processes of the vertebral column

Back 13

-cervical spinous processes are short and bifid to allow muscle attachment.
-thoracic spinous processes are long, project downward, provide stability.
-lumbar spinous processes are stout and square: not to interfere w/ movement.

Front 14

describe the alignment of the transverse processes of the vertebral column

Back 14

cervical- aligned in transverse plane: permit free movement.
thoracic - aligned in coronal plane: permit limited movement.
lumbar- curved in sagital plane, limit rotation.

Front 15

define condyle

Back 15

large round articulating knob

Front 16

define facet

Back 16

flattened or hollow articulating surface

Front 17

head

Back 17

prominent rounded articulating end of bone

Front 18

alveolus

Back 18

deep pit or socket

Front 19

fissure

Back 19

narrow, slitlike opening

Front 20

foramen

Back 20

rounded opening through a bone

Front 21

fossa

Back 21

flattened or shallow surface

Front 22

sinus

Back 22

cavity or hollow space in a bone

Front 23

sulcus

Back 23

groove that accommodates a vessel, nerve or tendone

Front 24

crest

Back 24

narrow, ridgelike projection

Front 25

epicondyle

Back 25

projection adjacent to a condyle

Front 26

ramus

Back 26

flattened angular part of a bone

Front 27

spine

Back 27

sharp slender process

Front 28

trochanter

Back 28

A massive process found only on the femur

Front 29

tubercle

Back 29

small rounded process

Front 30

tuberosity

Back 30

large roughened process

Front 31

process

Back 31

any marked bony prominence

Front 32

neck

Back 32

constricted area (between head and body) such as the neck of the femur.

Front 33

Five types of bone cells

Back 33

osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, and bone lining cells

Front 34

Osteogenic cells

Back 34

near periosteum and endosteum

Front 35

osteoblasts

Back 35

bone forming cells

Front 36

osteoclasts

Back 36

large, multinuclear cells, enzymatically break down bone tissue and release minerals to blood

Front 37

osteocytes

Back 37

mature bone cells – secrete bone tissue around themselves.

Front 38

bone lining cells

Back 38

regulate calcium and phosphate in and out of the bone matrix

Front 39

largest skull cavity

Back 39

cranial cavity 130-1500cc

Front 40

Chambers of nasal cavity

Back 40

nasal fossae, separated by nasal septum (bone and cartilage)

Front 41

how many ribs are there?

Back 41

12

Front 42

how many of the ribs are true ribs and what does this mean?

Back 42

7 - attach directly to sternum via costal cartilage

Front 43

how many false ribs are there?

Back 43

5 (don't attach to sternum directly, only to costal cartilage, last two "floating" - no anterior attachment)

Front 44

what is an important feature of the structure of bone?

Back 44

hollow, therefore lighter - less load on muscles.

Front 45

where does bone get its blood supply from

Back 45

microscopic vessels within, and larger vessels via nutrient foramen.

Front 46

segmentation of vertebral column

Back 46

happens during embryological stage.
maintains protection while allowing for flexibility of tube.

Front 47

another name for os coxae

Back 47

innominate bones (each comprised of three bones that fuse - ilium, ischium, pubis).

Front 48

true pelvis

Back 48

inferior and posterior to pelvic brim - generally well protected area - houses portions of digestive/urogenital systems.

Front 49

false pelvis

Back 49

superior to pelvic brim - abdominal contents here could spill forward (prevented only by abdominal muscles.)

Front 50

how many tarsal bones are there?

Back 50

7

Front 51

which is the largest strongest bone of the foot?

Back 51

calcaneous. Takes most of the weight.

Front 52

what are the names of the two arches of the foot?

Back 52

transverse and longitudinal

Front 53

what is the purpose of the arches of the foot

Back 53

allow the foot to support the weight of body.
provide leverage when walking, and spring to step.

Front 54

which part of the longitudinal arch is more elevated?

Back 54

the medial. - talus is the keystone of this part.

Front 55

describe the longitudinal arch.

Back 55

originates at calcaneous, rises anteriorly through talus, highest point, descends to first three metatarsals.

Front 56

describe the longitudinal arch.

Back 56

Medial part originates at calcaneous, rises anteriorly through talus, highest point, descends to first three metatarsals. lateral part calcaneous, cuboid, and 4th/5th metatarsals, with cuboid as keystone.

Front 57

describe the transverse arch

Back 57

across width of foot, formed by calcaneous, navicular, and cuboid bones posteriorly, and bases of metatarsals anteriorly.

Front 58

what supports the arches?

Back 58

ligaments and tendons.