Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Is bone alive?
|
Yes
|
|
|
What two types of physical activity are required throughout life to maintain bone health for both men and women?
|
cardiovascular exercise and resistance training (weight-lifting)
|
|
|
What is a tendon?
|
A tendon is a structure composed of connective tissue that joins muscles to bones.
|
|
|
What is a ligament?
|
A ligament is a structure composed of connective tissue that connects bones to bones.
|
|
|
What is tendonitis?
|
an inflammation of a tendon caused by repetitive motion
|
|
|
Why is a torn or severed ligament so damaging?
|
it destabilizes the joint
|
|
|
What are the cells called that make up the connective tissue called cartilage?
|
chondrocytes
|
|
|
What are three common locations for cartilage in the adult human body?
|
nose, ears, and on the gliding surface of joints
|
|
|
What are cells called that make bone?
|
osteocytes
|
|
|
Bone tissue is a reservoir for what substance?
|
calcium
|
|
|
What two blood vessels are found in the central canal of an haversian system?
|
an artery and a vein
|
|
|
What is the difference between compact bone and spongy bone?
|
Spongy bones contains lots of air spaces and compact bone does not.
|
|
|
On a long bone, where is the epiphysis located?
|
at the end of the bone
|
|
|
What is the area of a long bone called between the two ends of the bone?
|
diaphysis
|
|
|
Where is the red bone marrow located?
|
in spongy bone
|
|
|
As the bony skeleton develops cartilage it is replaced with bone through what process?
|
ossification
|
|
|
At what age do epiphyseal plates close in men and women?
|
women around age 18 and 20 in men
|
|
|
During adolescence sex hormones stimulate what two types of cells to initiate bone growth and development?
|
chondroblasts (develop cartilage) and osteoblasts (develop bone)
|
|
|
Of what is the epiphyseal plate composed?
|
hyaline cartilage
|
|
|
How does bone growth result in different outcomes in males and females?
|
In males, since puberty lasts longer, tend to develop longer limbs; women tend to have longer torsos and a lower center of gravity for better balance.
|
|
|
Ever year, about what percentage of the human skeleton in broken down and replaced?
|
10%
|
|
|
What type of exercise triggers bone growth?
|
Weight-bearing exercise
|
|
|
Why is dietary calcium so important?
|
needed for blood clotting, muscle contraction, and nerve function
|
|
|
What is the function of osteoclasts?
|
bone reabsorption to release calcium ions into the blood
|
|
|
What is the function of osteoblasts?
|
bone formation and the storage of calcium
|
|
|
What is the role of parathyroid hormone in bone formation?
|
it signals osteoclasts to break down bone and release calcium ions
|
|
|
What is the function of calcitonin hormone in bone maintenance?
|
Calcitonin hormone inhibits bone removal and promotes bone formation and the storage of calcium.
|
|
|
What is the influence of estrogen on bones in older women?
|
In older women the decline in estrogen allows osteoclast activity to increase, which increases bone breakdown. This can result in osteoporosis?
|
|
|
What is osteoporosis?
|
The breakdown of bone making the likelihood of bone breakage increase.
|
|
|
What is a hematoma?
|
Hematomas result from damage to the blood supply causing a mass of clotted blood.
|
|
|
What are the three major shapes of bones?
|
1. broad or flat
2. long 3. sesamoid |
|
|
Sesamoid bones are found within what structures?
|
some tendons (the foot for example)
|
|
|
What kind of tissue is bone?
|
it is a solid connective tissue
|
|
|
What do you call the outer cover of hard bone?
|
periosteum
|
|
|
Where does one find articular cartilage ?
|
at the ends of bones where they "articulate" with other bones
|
|
|
In what part of the bone does hemopoiesis occur?
|
in the medullary cavity
|
|
|
List 5 functions of bones.
|
1. support
2. protection 3. movement 4. mineral storage 5. blood cell formation |
|
|
What are the two major divisions of the skeletal system?
|
axial and appendicular
|
|
|
How many bones are in the axial skeleton?
|
80
|
|
|
What does the axial skeleton include?
|
skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
|
|
|
How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?
|
126 - 64 in upper skeleton and 62 in the lower skeleton
|
|
|
Bones of the shoulder, arm, wrist, hand, and hips, legs, and ankles and feet belong to which group of bones?
|
appendicular skeleton
|
|
|
Bones of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum belong to which group of bones?
|
axial skeleton
|
|
|
What are bone cells called?
|
osteocytes
|
|
|
What is a space containing an osteocyte called?
|
lacuna (means "empty space" from the Latin meaning "pool."
|
|
|
What is an osteon?
|
This is another name for a Haversian system - a fundamental until of compact bone.
|
|
|
What is the scientific name for blood cell formation.
|
hematopoiesis
|
|
|
In what type of bone marrow does hemopoiesis occur?
|
red bone marrow
|
|
|
Beginning from above the eyes, name the skull bones going over the top of the head down to the neck?
|
frontal bone, parietal bone, occipital bone
|
|
|
What bone articulates with the ethmoid, parietal, and occipital bones?
|
temporal bone
|
|
|
Teeth are embedded in what bone in the upper jaw?
|
maxillae (singular form = maxilla) "ae" is a plural form in Latin
|
|
|
Teeth are embedded in what bone in the lower jaw?
|
mandible
|
|
|
What is the correct name of the brain case?
|
cranium
|
|
|
What would be the common name for the zygomatic bones?
|
cheek bones
|
|
|
Name the four major sinus cavities in the skull.
|
1. frontal sinus
2. sphenoid sinus 3. ethmoid sinus 4. maxillary sinus |
|
|
What are sinus cavities?
|
air pockets within bones of the face
|
|
|
What bone is located at the root of the tongue?
|
hyoid bone
|
|
|
What is the function of the hyoid bone?
|
It anchors the tongue and the swallowing muscles.
|
|
|
How many vertebrae are in the human spine?
|
33
|
|
|
What are the cushioning disks called located between vertebrae?
|
intervertebral disks
|
|
|
What are the vertebrae called in the neck region?
|
cervical (7)
|
|
|
What are the vertebrae called in the upper back region?
|
thoracic (12)
|
|
|
What are the vertebrae called in the lower back region?
|
lumbar (5)
|
|
|
How many vertebrae are found in the sacrum?
|
5 fused vertebrae
|
|
|
How many vertebrae are found in the coccyx?
|
4 fused vertebrae
|
|
|
What is the makeup of the rib cage?
|
The rib cage consists of 12 pairs of curved ribs and the sternum.
|
|
|
How many ribs are attached to the sternum by costal cartilages?
|
the first 7 ribs
|
|
|
The 8th, 9th, and 10th ribs are not attached directly to the sternum. Where are they attached?
|
their costal cartilages are connected to the cartilage above them
|
|
|
The bottom two floating ribs attach how?
|
They attach into the abdominal wall musculature.
|
|
|
What are the three parts of the sternum beginning at the top?
|
manubrium, body of sternum (gladiolus), xiphoid process
|
|
|
Name the three fused pairs of bones that make up the pelvic girdle.
|
ilium, ischium, pubis
|
|
|
Each of the bones of the pelvic girdle contributes to a part of the cup-shaped socket into which the head of the femur fits to form the hip joint. What is this socket called?
|
acetabulum
|
|
|
Name the largest bone of the leg.
|
femur
|
|
|
Name the two bones of the leg.
|
femur and fibula
|
|
|
How many bones make up the human foot?
|
26 (7 tarsals, 5 metatarsals, 14 phalanges
|
|
|
What is the kneecap called?
|
patella
|
|
|
What is different about the frontal bone in females?
|
It is smaller.
|
|
|
What is different about the temporal bones in females?
|
They are smaller.
|
|
|
What is different about the mandible of females compared to males.
|
Females have smaller mandibles.
|
|
|
Is the ilium more or less flared in the human female?
|
more
|
|
|
In what way is the pelvis different in females?
|
In females the pelvis is tipped forward, causing greater curvature of the lower spine.
|
|
|
Do males or females have lower centers of gravity?
|
females
|
|
|
Is the "Q-angle" greater or smaller in females?
|
The Q-angle in females is greater.
|
|
|
Why might women have more knee injuries than males?
|
because they have an increased Q-angle
|
|
|
The seven bones of the the ankle and heel are called what?
|
tarsal bones
|
|
|
What bones make up the arch of the foot?
|
metatarsals
|
|
|
What are toe bones and finger bones called?
|
phalanges
|
|
|
Name the two bones that make up the pectoral girdle.
|
Scapula (shoulder blade) and clavicle (collarbone)
|
|
|
How many bones are in the human hand?
|
There are 8 carpals, 5 metacarpals, and 14 phalanges in the human hand.
|
|
|
Name the two bones of the lower arm.
|
ulna and radius
|
|
|
Which bone of the lower arm is on the thumb side?
|
radius
|
|
|
What is meant by the term "opposable" thumb?
|
It means that the thumb can touch the tips of the fingers.
|
|
|
What are the immovable joints of the cranium called?
|
sutures
|
|
|
Which joints provide a wide range of motion and have ligaments that hold the joint in place to form a synovial fluid-filled capsule?
|
synovial joints
|
|
|
Name the three types of synovial joints.
|
1. ball and socket
2. hinge joint 3. pivot joints |
|
|
In reference to angle increasing or decreasing, what is flexion?
|
Flexion decreases the joint angle.
|
|
|
In reference to angle increasing or decreasing, what is extension?
|
Extension increases the joint angle.
|
|
|
In reference to the midline of the body, what is adduction?
|
Adduction is movement of a body part toward the midline.
|
|
|
In reference to the midline of the body, what is abduction?
|
Abduction is the movement away from the midline.
|
|
|
What is rotation in terms of synovial movements?
|
Rotation is movement of a body part around its own axis.
|
|
|
What is circumduction in reference to synovial joint movement?
|
Circumduction is movement of a body part in wide circle.
|
|
|
How does a closed or simple fracture differ from an open or compound fracture?
|
Closed or simple - broken bones remains below surface of the skin
Open or compound - bone breaks through the skin |
|
|
Where is the sciatic nerve?
|
The sciatic nerve is a very large nerve extending from the pelvis down each leg an inflammation of which is called sciatica.
|
|
|
What is a slipped or herniated disc?
|
This happens when one of the shock-absorbing pads between vertebrae protrude into an area where it does not belong often placing pressure on a nerve causing pain.
|
|
|
What are common symptoms of a slipped or herniated disc?
|
dull pain, tingling, numbness, and weakness in body part supplied by the nerve
|
|
|
What causes gout?
|
Gout is caused by crystals of uric acid forming within a joint - typically the big toe. Effective drug treatments are now available.
|
|
|
What are the growth areas of long bones called that are active prior to cessation of increase in height?
|
epiphyseal plates
|
|
|
What hormone influences osteoporosis in women?
|
estrogen
|
|
|
What bone is blade-shaped in the pelvic girdle?
|
ilium
|
|
|
What are the crystals called that form gout?
|
uric acid
|
|
|
What is it about uric acid crystals that causes a problem?
|
Uric acid crystals are long and pointed and can cause a great deal of pain and swelling.
|
