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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Definition of a fracture
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A disruption in the continuity of bone caused by force applied directly or indirectly.
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Trauma is the most common type of death for ages ????
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1 to 34 years
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Hemarthrosis
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Bleeding in a joint
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The overall goal of fracture treatment is ???
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To restore function & stability
Acceptable cosmetic result Minimal deformity |
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Evidence of fracture healing is ??
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A continuous bridge of callus that unites fracture fragments and approaches the density of normal bone.
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Closed reduction
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Manipulation of the affected body part without surgical incision. (Casting)
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Open reduction
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A surgical procedure in which there is direct or indirect manipulation of the affected body part and usually the application or insertion of some type of appliance to achieve or maintain reduction. ORIF
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Contrast =
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Window width
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Brightness =
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Window level
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Delayed union
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Any fracture that does not heal in the usual amount of time
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Malunion
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The healing of fracture fragments in a faulty position. This leads to impairment of normal function or cosmetic appearance.
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Non-union
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Most serious; when healing does not occur and the fragments do not join; requires surgical intervention to re-initiate the healing process.
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Radiographic signs of a fracture
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Appears as a radiolucent line
Looks like a step in the bony cortex Bulging or buckling of the cortex An interruption in the bony trabeculum Soft tissue swelling and/or joint effusion |
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Complete fracture
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Separated into at least two fragments (recognized according to the direction of the line)
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Incomplete fracture
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Only part of the bone structure gives way but there are no fragments. (Greenstick fracture) Little or no displacement
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Closed fracture
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The skin is not broken
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Compound (open) fracture
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The skin or mucosal surface must be pierced by at least one end of the fractured bone.
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Simple fractures
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Divide the bone into two complete pieces (closed fracture)
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Comminuted fracture
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The bone is broken in three or more fragments (multiple fragments)
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The complete radiographic evaluation of fractures should include the following;
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-Anatomic site and extent of fracture
-Type of fracture-complete/incomplete -Alignment of the fracture; angulation, foreshortening, displacement -Direction of the fracture line with relation to the longitudinal axis of the bone (transverse, oblique, etc) -Presence of special features; impaction, depression, compression -Presence of associated abnormalities; dislocation, subluxation -Special types of fractures; fatigue fracture, pathologic, stress |
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Transverse fracture
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Runs at right angles to the shaft; results from a direct blow or pathologic fracture
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Spiral fracture
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Encircles the shaft; longer than oblique fracture; torsion injury to bone; (occurs when one end of the bone twists and the other remains stationary)
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Oblique fracture
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45 degrees to long axis of the bone; angulation or compression injury
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Longitudinal fracture
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Runs lengthwise with the bone
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Impacted fracture
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A portion of the bone, usually the shaft, compresses into the head of the bone
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Stellate fracture
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A star-shaped fracture, usually in the patella or cranium
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Depression
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Found in the tibial plateau and in skulls
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Compression
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Compressing forces applied to both ends of a bone; results in decreased length and width; most common in the vertebral column as a result of flexion of the spine or pathologic causes.
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Displacement
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Separation of the bone
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Subluxation
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Minor disruption of the joint - partial dislocation
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Angulation
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How much angle the bones are forming in the fracture
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Distraction
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The distance between the fragments
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Dislocation
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Complete disruption of the joint
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Pediatric fractures include;
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Plastic Fracture
Greenstick fracture Torus fracture Epiphyseal fracture |
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Plastic Fracture
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Pediatric - occur when the soft young bone bends but the cortex does not actually break
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Greenstick fracture
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Pediatric - A break in the cortex but only on one side of the shaft. This angulated fracture produces a bowing of the bone.
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Torus fracture
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Pediatric - A type of greenstick fracture in which a driving force pushes down the shaft of the bone causing the cortex to fold back on itself - usually from twisting
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Epiphyseal Fracture
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Occurs through un-united areas of the epiphyses. There is no displacement so a comparison view is needed.
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Salter-Harris Fracture
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Epiphyseal fracture (Pediatric)
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Fatigue or stress fracture
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(March fracture) Occurs at sites of max stress, usually metatarsal bones. The fracture is a result of repeated relatively trivial trauma to an otherwise normal bone.
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Pathologic fracture
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A fracture which occurs when normal stress is placed on diseased areas of the bone.
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Fractures which occur around joint articulations
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Avulsion
Compression |
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Avulsion
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Bone fragment gets pulled off - anywhere a tendon is attached
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Specifically named fractures of the wrist
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Colles fracture
Smith fracture Bennet's fracture Boxer's fracture |
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Specifically named fracture of the foot
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Pott's fracture
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Specifically named fractures of the spine
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Hangman's fracture
Jefferson fracture |
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Specifically named fractures of the facial bones
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Blow-out fracture of the orbits
Tripod fracture. |
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What happens immediately after the fracture happens??
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Bleeding; damaged vessels bleed and a clot forms
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What happens 2-3 days after the fracture?
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Blood, lymph and tissue form a fibrous (semi-gelatonous) clot surrounding the area
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What happens at 1 week after the fracture??
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Fibroblasts form granulation tissue and this tissue forms a fibrocatilaginous mass (callus) which forms between bone fragments closing the wound and attaching fragments
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What happens at 1-4 weeks after the fracture?
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Cancellous bone replaces the fibrocartilage. (bony callus)
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What happens 4-6 weeks after the fracture??
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Bone formation is complete.
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