Skeletal & Muscular Systems

Front 1

Articular cartilage

Back 1

Cartilage covering the ends of bones forming a joint

Front 2

Articulation

Back 2

A joint formed between two bones

Front 3

Compact bone

Back 3

Dense bone tissue formed of numerous tightly packed osteons

Front 4

Compact bone

Back 4

Diaphysis

Front 5

Spongy bone

Back 5

Epiphysis [skull=flat bones]

Front 6

Diaphysis

Back 6

The shaft of a long bone

Front 7

Types of bones

Back 7

Long

Short

Flat

Irregular

Front 8

Long bone

Back 8

Example: femur, humorous, tibia

Front 9

Short bone

Back 9

Example: carpals, tarsals

Front 10

Flat bones

Back 10

Example: cranium

Front 11

Irregular bones

Back 11

Example: vertebrae, coccial

Front 12

Canaliculi

Back 12

Nutrients, communication

Front 13

Medullary cavity

Back 13

Yellow marrow

Front 14

Spongy

Back 14

Red Marrow

Front 15

Bone cells 3 types

Back 15

Osteoblasts

Osteocytes

Osteoclasts

Front 16

Osteoblasts

Back 16

Immature osteocytes

Front 17

Osteocytes

Back 17

Trapped in bony matrix

Front 18

Osteoclasts

Back 18

Remodel/remove bony matrix (trim)

Front 19

During adult life osteoclasts

Back 19

Chippeway bones to release calcium; blood vessels

Front 20

Structure of compact bones

Back 20

Lacunae

Canaliculi

Front 21

Functions of the skeletal system

Back 21

•Support

•Protection

•Attachment sites for skeletal muscles

•Blood cell production

•Mineral storage

Front 22

Endochondral ossification

Back 22

The formation of bone tissue within a cartilage

Front 23

Epiphysis

Back 23

The enlarged ends of a long bone

Front 24

Intramembranous ossification

Back 24

The formation of bone tissue within a fibrous membrane

Front 25

Ligament

Back 25

A band or cord of Fibrous connective tissue that joins bones together at movable joints

Front 26

Medullary cavity

Back 26

The cavity within the shaft of a long bone that is filled with yellow marrow

Front 27

Osteoblasts

Back 27

A bone cell that deposits matrix

Front 28

Osteoclasts

Back 28

A bone cell that breaks down bone matrix

Front 29

Osteocyte

Back 29

A bone cell occupying a lacuna

Front 30

Paranasal sinus

Back 30

An Air filled cavity in a bone located near the nasal cavity

Front 31

Periosteum

Back 31

The fibrous membrane that covers bones

Front 32

Spongy bone

Back 32

Bone tissue that contains numerous spaces filled with the red marrow

Front 33

Epiphyseal line

Back 33

A line fusion, in mature bones

Front 34

Epiphyseal plate

Back 34

Hyaline cartilage in immature bones

Front 35

Articular (hyaline) cartilage

Back 35

Protects and cushions the end of the bone and provides a smooth surface for movement

Front 36

Ossification

Back 36

The process of bone formation

Front 37

Foramen

Back 37

A channel entering or passing through a bone

Front 38

Canaliculi

Back 38

Extensions of the osteocytes extend into tiny channels

Front 39

Lamellae

Back 39

Concentric layers of bone matrix

Front 40

Axial skeleton

Back 40

Consist of the bones along the longitudinal axis of the body that support the head, neck, and trunk

Front 41

Appendicular skeleton

Back 41

Consists of the bones of the upper extremities and pectoral girdle and of the lower extremities and the pelvic girdle

Front 42

Sutures

Back 42

Fuse the bones joined by a movable joints [ resemble stitches]

Front 43

Paranasal sinuses

Back 43

Air filled spaces [skull]

Front 44

Cranium

Back 44

One frontal bone, two Parietal bone, one sphenoid bone, two Temporal bones, one occipital bone, and one ethmoid bone

Front 45

Frontal bone

Back 45

Forms the anterior part of the cranium including the superior portion of the eye orbits, the fourhead and the roof of the nasal cavity

Front 46

Parietal bones

Back 46

Form the sides and roof of the cranium

Front 47

Occipital bone

Back 47

Forms the posterior portion and floor of the cranium

Front 48

Temporal bones

Back 48

Located inferior to the parietal bones on each side of the cranium

Front 49

Sphenoid bone

Back 49

Forms part of the floor of the cranium, the lateral posterior portions of the eye orbits, and the lateral portions of the cranium just anterior to the Temporal bones

Front 50

Ethmoid bone

Back 50

Forms the anterior portion of the cranium including part of the medial surface of each Eye orbit and part of the roof of the nasal cavity

Front 51

Zygomatic bones

Back 51

Cheekbones

Front 52

Lacrimal bones

Back 52

Small then bones that form part of the medial surface of the eye Orbitz

Front 53

Nasal bones

Back 53

Thin bones fused at the midline to form the bridge of the nose

Front 54

Vomer

Back 54

Then flat bone located on the midline of the nasal cavity

Front 55

Mandible

Back 55

Lower jaw bone, only movable bone of the skull

Front 56

Hyoid bone

Back 56

Small U shaped bone located in the anterior portion of the Neck

Front 57

Fontanels

Back 57

Soft spots

Front 58

Cervical vertebrae

Back 58

Support the neck

Front 59

Lumbar vertebrae

Back 59

Heavy thick bodies to support the greater stress and weight that is placed on this region of the vertebral column

Front 60

Sacrum

Back 60

Composed of five fused vertebrae

Front 61

Coccyx

Back 61

Tailbone [3-5] fused

Front 62

Ribs

Back 62

12 pairs, attached to the thoracic vertebrae

Front 63

Costal cartilage

Back 63

Medially from the ends of the ribs, gives flexibility to the thoracic cage

Front 64

Sternum

Back 64

Breastbone [3 fused]

Front 65

What is the purpose of the 12 thoracic vertebrates?

Back 65

Protects organs like lungs and heart, and gives upper body some structure

Front 66

Pectoral girdle

Back 66

Shoulder girdle, consist of two clavicles (collarbones) and two Scapulae (shoulder blades)

Front 67

Scapulae

Back 67

Flat triangular shaped bones

Front 68

Upper extremity

Back 68

Composed of humerus, an ulna, a radius, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges

Front 69

Humerus

Back 69

Articulates with scapula

Front 70

Humerus

Back 70

Articulates with Ulna and radius

Front 71

Trochlea

Back 71

Ulna

Front 72

Ulna

Back 72

Medial bone, little finger side of the forearm

Front 73

Radius

Back 73

Lateral bone, thumb side, of the forearm

Front 74

Metacarpals

Back 74

Bones of the palm of the hand [5]

Front 75

Carpals

Back 75

Wrist bones [8]

Front 76

Phalanges

Back 76

Bones of the fingers and toes

Front 77

Pelvic girdle

Back 77

Consist of two coxal bones that support the attachment of the lower extremities

Front 78

Ilium

Back 78

The broad upper portion whose superior margin forms the iliac crest

Front 79

Ischium

Back 79

Inferior, posterior portion of the coxal bone and supports the body when sitting

Front 80

Pubis

Back 80

Lower, anterior portion of the coxal bone

Front 81

Symphysis pubis

Back 81

Bones are joined by a pad of fibrocartilage

Front 82

Lower extremity

Back 82

Consist of a femur, a patella, a tibia, a fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges

Front 83

Femur

Back 83

Thighbone, largest and strongest bone of the body

Front 84

What is the difference between the male and female pubic arch angle?

Back 84

The male pubic arch angle is less than 90° and the female is more than 90°

Front 85

Patella

Back 85

Kneecap, anterior to the knee joint

Front 86

Tibia

Back 86

Shinbone, larger of the two bones of the lower leg, medial bone (bear most weight)

Front 87

Fibula

Back 87

Slender, R a bone in the lower leg (farthest)

Front 88

Tarsals

Back 88

Seven bones

Front 89

Metatarsals

Back 89

Five support the instep

Front 90

Sesamoid bone

Back 90

In a tendon

Front 91

Synarthrosis

Back 91

Immovable

Front 92

Amphiarthrosis

Back 92

Slightly movable example joints between hands and pubis

Front 93

Diarthrosis

Back 93

Freely movable example frontal/occipital and Periotal

Front 94

Phalanges

Back 94

Three separate bones except for thumb two

Front 95

Hinge joints

Back 95

Allow movement and one plane only, like a door hinge example elbow, knee, and joints between phalanges

Front 96

Ball and socket joints

Back 96

Rotational example shoulder and hip

Front 97

Hinge joint

Back 97

Forward and backward example elbow and knee

Front 98

Flexion

Back 98

Decrease in the angle of bones forming joint; making smaller

Front 99

Extension

Back 99

Increase in the angle of bones forming joints; Making larger

Front 100

Dorsiflexion

Back 100

Flexion of the foot at the ankle; Toes facing upward

Front 101

Plantar flexion

Back 101

Extension of the foot at the ankle; Toes facing downwards

Front 102

Abduction

Back 102

Movement of a bone away from the midline

Front 103

Adduction

Back 103

Movement of a bone toward the midline

Front 104

Rotation

Back 104

Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis

Front 105

Circumduction

Back 105

Movement of the distal end of a bone in a circle while the proximal and forms the pivot joint

Front 106

Eversion

Back 106

Movement of the soul of the foot laterally; walking inward

Front 107

Inversion

Back 107

Movements of the soul of the foot medially; walking outwards

Front 108

Pronation

Back 108

Rotation of the forearm when the palm is turned down ward or posteriorly

Front 109

Supination

Back 109

Rotation of the forearm when the palm turned upward or anteriorly

Front 110

Protraction

Back 110

Movement of the mandible anteriorly; out

Front 111

Retraction

Back 111

Movement of the mandible posteriorly; in

Front 112

Elevation

Back 112

Movement of a body part upward; upwards

Front 113

Depression

Back 113

Movement of a body part downward

Front 114

Spongy bone

Back 114

Not Densed

Front 115

Chubbuck you lay

Back 115

Thin rods or plates

Front 116

Two types of bone formation

Back 116

Intramembranous and endochondral

Front 117

Anyagonist

Back 117

A muscle whose contraction opposes an action of another muscle

Front 118

Osteoporosis

Back 118

Gradual loss of Ca2 + salts

Front 119

Ribs

Back 119

Seven true

Two floating

Four false

Front 120

Spinal and vertebral column

Back 120

Thoracic-12

Cervical-7

Lumbar-5

Front 121

Tendons

Back 121

Muscle to bone

Front 122

Ligaments

Back 122

Bone to bone

Front 123

Periosteum

Back 123

Outer layer

Front 124

Endosteum

Back 124

Inner layer

Front 125

Antagonist

Back 125

Flexor

Front 126

Agonists

Back 126

Extensor; produce an action

Front 127

Synergists

Back 127

Work together example legs

Front 128

Agonist and antagonist

Back 128

Contract alternatively

Front 129

Isometric contractions

Back 129

Increase tension but do not cause movement

Front 130

Isotonic contractions

Back 130

Cause movement of a joint

Front 131

Insertion

Back 131

Movable muscle attachment

Front 132

Origin

Back 132

Immovable muscle attachment

Front 133

Hypertrophy

Back 133

Growth

Front 134

Atrophy

Back 134

Disuse of muscle tissues

Front 135

Fatigue

Back 135

Muscles that cannot act from exhaustion

Front 136

Paralysis

Back 136

Muscle that is unable to act

Front 137

Epicranius

Back 137

Consist of the frontalis and the occipitalis

Front 138

Frontalis

Back 138

Part of the epicranis ; and includes the frontalis and Occipatils; forhead, controls Eyebrows and their expression

Front 139

Orbicularis occuli

Back 139

Around eyes, squinting

Front 140

Orbicularis oris

Back 140

Lips, called the kissing muscle

Front 141

Zygomaticus

Back 141

Lip corners, called the smiling muscles

Front 142

Masseter

Back 142

Lifts the mandible from the bottom

Front 143

Temporalis

Back 143

Lifts the mandible from the top

Front 144

Muscles that move the neck

Back 144

Sternocleidomastoid

Trapezius

Front 145

Sternocleidomastoid

Back 145

Flexes head, long muscles originate from sternum and clavicle

Front 146

Trapezius

Back 146

List the shoulders, pulls scapulae together

Front 147

Aponeurosis

Back 147

A broad sheet of fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to another muscle or connective tissue

Front 148

Insertion

Back 148

The attachment of a muscle that moves when the muscle contracts

Front 149

Muscle fiber

Back 149

A single muscle cell

Front 150

Myofibril

Back 150

One of many contractile fibers within a muscle cell

Front 151

Nuerotransmitter

Back 151

A chemical released by Axon tips of neurons that activates a muscle fiber, gland, or another neuron

Front 152

Origin

Back 152

The attachment of a muscle that remains fixed when the muscle contracts

Front 153

Tendon

Back 153

A narrow band of Fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone

Front 154

Sarcolemma

Back 154

Plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

Front 155

Sarcoplasma

Back 155

Cytoplasm of a skeletal muscle fiber that contains organelles

Front 156

Transverse tubules

Back 156

Extensions of the sarcolemma that penetrate into the fiber carrying nerve impulses, which trigger the release of ca from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 157

Myofibril

Back 157

A bundle of myofilaments

Front 158

Myofilaments

Back 158

Thin Actin myofilaments and thick myosin myofilaments that interact to produce contractions

Front 159

Sarcomere

Back 159

Contractile unit of skeletal muscles

Front 160

Z lines

Back 160

Composed of proteins arranged transverse to the longitudinal axis of the myofilaments

Front 161

Muscle fiber

Back 161

Multinucleated skeletal muscle cell

Front 162

Fascicles

Back 162

Bundled together

Front 163

Asetycholine

Back 163

Secretory vesicles in the axon tip

Front 164

Deltoid

Back 164

Abductor muscles

Front 165

Biceps brachii

Back 165

Two heads

Front 166

Triceps Brachii

Back 166

Three heads

Front 167

Flexors

Back 167

Are on the anterior surface

Front 168

Extensors

Back 168

Are on the posterior surface

Front 169

Gluteus maximus

Back 169

Largest most superficial of the gluteus muscles, forms buttocks, extends and rotates the thigh laterally

Front 170

Gluteus medius

Back 170

Abducts thigh

Front 171

Adductor groups

Back 171

Adduct flex, and rotate the thigh laterally

Front 172

Rectus abdominus

Back 172

Rectus, straight, sixpack

Front 173

External oblique

Back 173

Oblique, diagonal

Front 174

Diaphragm

Back 174

Separates thoracic and abdominal cavity

Front 175

Hamstring muscles

Back 175

Flex the knee, biceps femoris, largest

Front 176

Quadriceps femoris

Back 176

For muscle group, upper leg (femur/pelvis) tibia, extended knee (lower leg)

Front 177

Sartorius

Back 177

Long muscle, crosses the legs

Front 178

Calcaneus

Back 178

Heel, attaches to the calcaneal

Front 179

Tibialis anterior

Back 179

Anterior of leg, Dorsiflexes foot

Front 180

Perineous longus

Back 180

Side of leg, foot

Front 181

Pectoralis minor

Back 181

Pool scapula anteriorly and downward

Front 182

Pectoralis major

Back 182

Adducts humerus; draws it forward across chest

Front 183

Internal oblique

Back 183

Tightens abdominal pelvic wall and compresses internal organs

Front 184

Latissimus dorsi

Back 184

Adducts and extends humerus; rotates humerus medially

Front 185

Rectus femoris

Back 185

Extends leg and flexes thigh

Front 186

Vastus lateralis

Back 186

Extends leg

Front 187

Vastis medialis

Back 187

Extends leg

Front 188

Lacanae

Back 188

The space cell lives in

Front 189

Lingual skeletal bone

Back 189

Tongue bone; voluntary

Front 190

Smooth

Back 190

Involuntary, digestive tract

Front 191

Cardiac

Back 191

Found in heart; helps heart contract

Front 192

H- zone

Back 192

Area that completely disappear when muscle disappear; found in sacromere